Terrorism- Modern Studies

• Explain a political cause of terrorism: Independence

  In some countries, minority groups feel like they aren't really part of the country they live in and may want to become independent. If the government won't them, some people may turn to violence to try to force the government to listen to them.
• An example of a political cause of terrorism: Independence

  An example of this is when ETA in the Basque Country wanted independence from Spain and France. The basque people had been treated badly by the Spanish government who didnt listen to their calls for independence. ETA usually bombed police stations and government buildings.
• Explain a political cause of terrorism: change of policies


  This means that individuals or groups may disagree with the government are doing and want to change it. They commit terrorism to try and get both politicians and public support for their views. Often this is known as 'homegrown terrorism' where the attacker is born in the country that they attack, rather than coming outside the country
• An example of a political cause of terrorism: change of policies

  Anders Behring Breivik set off a bomb outside the Prime Minister's office in Norway and then shot 69 people at a Labour Party Summer Camp. He did this as he did not agree with Norway's immigration policy and believed in a Muslim free Europe
• Explain one social cause of terrorism: racial causes


  This means that they use terrorism to attack other races because they want to hurt or intimidate them. White supremacism is a type of racial terrorism that targets people of colour. People who believe in white supremacism believe that white people are better than black people and that this justifies acts of violence against them
• An example of a social cause of terrorism: racial causes


  Dylann Roof murdered nine African Americans in the 2015 Charleston Church Shooting. He confessed to police that he wanted to start a race war and owned a website that promoted neo-Nazi ideology.
• Explain a social cause of terrorism: religious causes


  This means that groups use violence as they believe that their religion justifies it. Extremists believe in a strict, extreme version of a religion that justifies hurting people that disagree with them. Religious extremists are often radicalised or brainwashed into these extreme beliefs.
• An example of a social cause of terrorism: religious causes

  Islamic State want to establish an Islamic 'caliphate' or country which follows strict Islamic law. They have attacked Muslims who they believe don't follow Islam properly and Western countries that they believe are 'too involved' in the Middle
• Explain an economic cause of terrorism: food insecurity

  Food insecurity is where there is not enough reliable access to food. This could be because of famine or drought causing a lack of food or it could be due to war or conflict stopping food deliveries.
• An example of an economic cause of terrorism: food insecurity


  Islamic State have been known to take food from charities and give it out to towns and villages. This allowed them to gain the trust of the local people and led to some joining the group.
• Explain an economic cause of terrorism: lack of development


  Some countries are ran by leaders who do not properly invest money in their country or its people. If they get money from other countries they keep it for themselves. This that the country may not have a developed healthcare, education or law enforcement. Terror groups can take advantage of this chaos to recruit members.
• An example of an economic cause of terrorism: lack of development

  al-Shabaab have taken advantage of the chaos in Somalia and have carried out many attacks there and in neighbouring countries such as Nigeria
• Explain an impact of terrorism on victims: mental impact


  As well as potentially being left with injuries, many victims are left with mental scars. Many are unable to cope with what they experienced during an attack. These mental scars often last longer than any physical symptoms and can be harder to treat.
• An example of an impact on terrorism on victims: mental impact


  One example of this is 9/11 responder Daniel Moynihan who not only suffered physical symptoms such as hearing loss, but he also suffers from PTSD after being around such a major attack.
• Explain an impact of terrorism on victims: physical impact

  Terrorist attacks usually cause a lot of harm to people that get caught up in them - many die at the scene and some are left with severe injuries. These injuries can be treated, but some are so severe that a victim will need to adjust key aspects of their life.
• An example of an impact on terrorism: physical impact


  One example of this is Martine Wright, who was caught up in the London bombings. Martine lost both her legs in the attack, but went on to represent the UK at the Paralympics.
• Explain an impact of terrorism on countries: economic impact


  A government has to spend a lot of money in the wake of an attack. Firstly, terror attacks can cause a lot of destruction that has to be cleaned up. They may also need to spend more money on emergency services and supporting victims and their families. The government may also need to help rebuild buildings or companies affected by the attack.
• An example of an impact on terrorism on countries: economic impact

  It took around 8 months to clean up the debris from 9/11 and cost the U.S. Government over $750 million.
• Explain an impact of terrorism on countries: increased security


  Often increased security happens directly after an attack, or after intelligence services have stopped an attack happening. It can include greater checks at airports or more armed police on the streets. Some changes are temporary, while other may be permanent changes.
• An example of the impact of terrorism on countries

  Many airports now have improved security like body scanners. After a terror plot was stopped that involved liquids on aircraft, liquids above 100ml were no longer allowed through security.
• Explain an impact of terrorism on wider society: Islamophobia


  This means that there is a rise in negative attitudes towards Muslims. Islamophobia is prejudice against those of Muslim faith. Many Muslims can suffer attacks purely based on their religion. Instances of Islamophobia attacks increase in the wake of a terror attack linked to an Islamic group. These are often covered more than attacks by other groups, making people think that most terrorists are Muslims targeting non-Muslims.
• An example of an impact of terrorism on wider society: Islamophobia


  After recent coverage of terrorist attacks, Britain has experienced a rise in Islamophobia. Mosques have been vandalised and the Guardian reported that women wearing hijab complained about being spat at and having their headscarves pulled off.
• Explain an impact of terrorism on wider society: increased number of refugees


  This means that many countries have seen a lot of refugees coming to their country because of fear and violence caused by terror groups in their home countries. They leave these countries because they feel like terrorism has made it unsafe to remain there.
• An example of an impact of terrorism on wider society: increased number of refugees


  In March 2016, the UN's refugee agency stated that the number of refugees fleeing Syria to neighbouring countries was now over 5 million. 1.2 million have fled to Europe. This is due to attacks and fighting involving Islamic

  State.
• Explain the motivation for international organisations in tackling terrorism global security

  This means that it is the duty to keep people safe and protect them from dangers. Many countries join the fight against terrorism or increase their funding after terror attack as they believe their people are in danger. International organisations can share resources and intelligence in order to better fight terrorism.
• Example of motivations for international organisations in tackling terrorism global security

  After the 911 attacks on the USA, NATO (an international organisation), led by the USA invaded Afghanistan to try and stop Al Qaeda.
• Explain in motivation for international organisations in tackling terrorism, financial reasons


  This means that terrorism can impact countries financially. They have to spend money to repair damages, support victims and increase security. Tourists are also less likely to visit and therefore the amount of money spent within a country reduces this would change if terror attacks stopped.
• An example of a motivation for international organisations in tackling terrorism, financial reasons

  The French government stated that in 2016 after the Paris attacks, the countryside are 750 million Euro drop in profits. This is why it has supported helping in Syria through the EU.
• Explain a military method for tackling terrorism

  Airstrikes are a way of attacking the enemy without putting troops on the ground, leading to fewer military casualties. Airstrikes can be used as retaliation for terror attacks or to target strategic points such as terror bases and training camps.
• Example for a military method of tackling terrorism air strikes

  The UK are used airstrikes against Islamic state in 2015 after the Paris attacks the French government ordered airstrikes on the Syrian city of Raqqa in retaliation. They dropped 20 bombs on the city in coordination with the USA.
• Explain in military method for tackling terrorism group troops

  Ground troops are seen to be the quickest way to tackle terrorism, but it is risky, and there is a high chance that some soldiers will lose their life. Ground troops can react in situations quickly and are highly trained to deal with terrorists.
• Example of military methods for tackling terrorism ground troops


  The US have sent a small amount of ground troops to fight against Islamic state as of March 2017. There are 500 troops officially stationed in northern Syria with President Trump wanting to send 1000 more.
• Explain a non military method for tackling terrorism intelligence

  Most countries have their own intelligence service and investigate terrorism to try and stop attacks before they take place. Since 9/11, intelligence service budgets have increased dramatically. The uk government intelligence service is called the M15 who have a specialist department to investigate terrorism.
• Example of non military method for tackling terrorism intelligence

  Between March and May 2017, M15 disrupted 5 major terror plots in the UK.
• Explain of UN tackling terrorism, 2006 global counter terror strategy

  In 2006, UN agreed on the global strategy to fight terrorism. Its aims are to promote peace around the world, ensure no country's financing of harbouring terrorists and to intensify cooperation between countries and sharing evidence.
• Example of UN tackling terrorism, 2006 global counter terror strategy


  The UNs counter terrorism implementation task force helps countries follow the strategy. It has working groups that address different areas of counterterrorism such as addressing radicalisation and tackling the financing of terrorism.
• Explain the way the UN tackle the terrorism, UN resolutions

  A UN resolution as the official decision by the UN that members have voted for and are expected to follow. They have published many resolutions on counterterrorism as it is one of the key issues affecting many countries around the world.
• Example of UN tackling terrorism, UN resolutions

  Since 2001, there have been over 30 resolutions regarding counterterrorism many in response to different terror plots in the world
• Explain a Evaluation of success of international organisations, UN peacekeeping

  Peacekeepers are made up of soldiers, police and civilians therefore are experts in many fields. They are very experienced in solving conflicts and issues as they have done it many times in many countries they are used to negotiating with different groups and this has helped many countries in the past.
• Example of evaluation of success of international organisations, UN peacekeeping

  A 2016 report by the global crisis group said the UN is most meaningful way of stopping terrorism was through peacekeepers