PR 1

• Epistemology

  Theory of Knowledge
• Personal Experience


  Relying on one's knowledge of prior experiences
• Empiricism


  The idea that all knowledge comes from observation or sensory experience. Also referred to as POSITIVISM
• John Locke


  Tabula rasa (blank slate) being filled with knowledge by experience or observation. A theory that states that people are blank pages of paper that gets filled with knowledge as we get older
• Limitations of empiricism:
• Tradition


  Doing things as they have always been done
• Limitations of tradition:
• Experts or Authorities


  Relying on the expertise or authority of others
• Limitations of experts or authorities:
• Logic and Reasoning


  Rationalism (philosophical idea that reason is the primary source of knowledge)
• The Scientific Method


  • Explain, predict, or control phenomena. Knowledge acquisition and development and testing of a theory. Efficient & reliable
• Inquiry


  A learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events. Investigation. A problem-solving technique, that makes you ask open-ended questions
• Research


  More complex act of investigation than inquiry. Follows a scientific procedure in discovering truths or meanings about things in this world. Clarity, Objectiveness, Systematic, Timeliness, Accuracy, Relevance (COSTAR)
• Purposes of Research

  • Work independently
  • Work scientifically and systematically
  • In-depth knowledge of something
  • Improve reading and writing skills
  • Freeing yourself from the strong influence of a single textbook or the professor's spoon-feeding
  • Improve the ways how we do things
  • Think in higher-order thinking strategies
  • Familiarize yourself with the basic tools of research
• EMIC


  The insider's perspective. The perspective that comes from within the culture where the project is situated. The way the actual people understand what they do and think
• ETIC


  The observers' or researchers' perspective. The etic perspective is the outsider's perspective, the perspective that we have of a project's parameters. The researcher tries to explain the social realities they observe using the theoretical apparatus of social sciences
• Constructivism


  Also called social constructivism, typically seen as an approach to qualitative research. Social constructivists believe that individuals seek an understanding of the worldview in which they live and work. The goal of the research is to rely as much as possible on the participants' view of the situation being studied
• Ontological


  "What is reality?" Reality is subjective. It has multiple voices because of the views of different participants. Insiders pov. The researcher uses words or phrases provided by the participants of the study
• Epistemological


  "What is the relationship between the researcher and the topic under investigation?" Closely involved in the study but explains strategies used to create a distance between the researcher and the study. The researcher investigates in the natural setting with the participants; thus, gets a thorough perspective of the participants' routine

  
• Types of Knowledge

  • Intuitive Knowledge (beliefs, faith, and intuition)
  • Authoritative Knowledge (data gathered from people in the know, books, and leaders in organizations)
  • Logical Knowledge (emphasis on reason as the surest path to knowing the truth)
  • Empirical Knowledge (emphasis on the understanding that knowledge is best derived from sense experiences and demonstrable, objective facts)
• Axiological


  "What role do personal values play in the investigation?" Researchers acknowledge that their values may become entwined in the research; thus, creating bias. Researchers discuss how their own values may influence the discussion and include this, as well as the participants' values
• Rhetorical


  "What is the type of language used?" Researchers use the participants' language which may be informal. Researchers may write the first person and use language that typifies qualitative research
• Methodological


  "How is research conducted?" Researchers study the topic in its natural setting and use inductive logic and a design that has roots in the way the study has developed. Researchers give a detailed description of the context of the study and its participants
• Variables


  Qualities, properties, or characteristics of people, things, events, or situations under study that vary from one person to another. Factors that affect the research outcome
• Basic Types of Variables

  • Quantitative Variables (Measurable)
  • Qualitative Variables (Unmeasurable)
  • Explanatory Variables (Indicate direction of influences)
  • Extraneous Variables (Error-producing variables other than the IV that may impact the DV response)
• Measurement Scales


  • Abstract or Continuous (quantitative measures and statistically tested precision-based measurements)
  • Discrete or Scale (variables that have a minimum-sized unit of measurement, which cannot be subdivided or fractionated)
  • Dichotomous (factors with only two values, used in comparative studies)
• Pure/Basic Research


  Deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things. Attempts to expand the limits of knowledge. Not directly involved in the solution to a pragmatic problem. To contribute to the general body of knowledge in a particular area of interest
• Applied Research


  Applied to societal problems/issues, and finding ways to make positive changes in society. Focused on answering real-world, practical questions to provide relatively immediate solutions
• Descriptive Research


  Aims at describing or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc. Liable to repeated research because topics relate only to a certain period/limited years
• Descriptive Research


  • Consumers' perception of the best phone to purchase
  • The Filipino Street foods
  • Common test-taking errors of high school students
• Correlational Research


  Shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents. Concerned about the existence of relationships not the causes & ways of development
• Correlational Research


  • Relationship between nutritional labels & consumer buying behavior
  • Age & Pregnancy outcomes
  • English Skills and Mathematical skills
• Explanatory Research


  Elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind relationships but also ways by which such relationship exists. Determines the nature of the problem thus helping to have a better understanding of the problem. Does not intend to offer final and conclusive solutions to existing problems. Two forms: either a NEW TOPIC or a NEW ANGLE
• Explanatory Research


  • Reasons behind the increasing incidence of teenage pregnancy
  • Factors influencing consumer SIM card preference
  • Millennial marketing strategies
  • Challenges of a nurse caring for a pediatric cancer patient
• Action Research


  Studies on the ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution to obtain results that will bring improvements to the system
• Action Research


  • A principal studying teacher burnout and dissatisfaction in a local school context
  • A group of teachers studying classroom discipline problems in their unique classrooms
• Quantitative Research


  Concerned with the objective meaning thus involves measurement of data. Presents research results referring to the number or frequency of something in numerical forms. Can be subjected to statistical analysis
• Quantitative Research


  • The efficiency of a wind generator in converting energy to electricity
  • Best marketing strategies that improve sales
• Qualitative Research


  Concerned with subjective meaning thus not measurable. Uses words rather than numbers to express the results. Commonly about peoples' thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyle
• Qualitative Research


  • Experience of owners of small-scale businesses that eventually becomes a bigtime business