neuro (finals)

• spastic involvement may affect all four extremities

  quadriplegia
• refers to the ability to recognize an object by touch and tests sensory interpretation

  stereognosis
• the ability to recognize shape that has been traced on the skin

  graphesthesia
• the ability to distinguish movement

  kinesthesia
• the unexplained development of subcutaneous tumors. The disorder can occur as a mutation, or it can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait carried on the long arm of chromosome 17 (von recklinghausen's disease)


  neurofibromatosis
• (encephalofacial angiomatosis) has a congenital port wine birthmark on the skin of the upper part of the face that extends inward to the meninges and choroid plexus


  sturge weber syndrome
• group of non-progressive disorders of upper motor neuron impairment that result in motor dysfunction, group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture

  cerebral palsy
• disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges

  meningitis
• inflammation of the active tissues of the brain, and possibly meninges as well caused by an infection or an autoimmune response

  encephalitis
• person’s immune system mistakenly attacks peripheral nerves or peripheral nervous system, the network of nerves that carries signals from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

  guillain barre syndrome
• occurs when spores of Clostridium botulinum colonize and produce toxins in the intestine, this bacterium produces a toxin that affects the body's nerves, can be contracted through consuming contaminated food, such as improperly canned foods or honey, or through wound infection or exposure to contaminated substances.

  botulism
• acute encephalopathy with accompanying fatty infiltration of the liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. The cause is unknown, but it usually occurs after a viral infection such as varicella (chickenpox) or influenza that was treated with a salicylate such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

  reye's syndrome
• is nerve compression of the median nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel at the wrist, compression of the nerve causes numbness and sharp pain and burning in the thumb and the second, third, and fourth fingers of the hand

  carpal tunnel syndrome
• facial paralysis of the seventh (facial) cranial nerve, the nerve that innervates the muscles of facial expression, the syndrome occurs abruptly, usually after a herpes or lyme disease infection, it may occur as a result of cold air from skiing or from riding in a convertible


  facial palsy (bell's palsy)
• an involuntary contraction of muscle caused by abnormal electrical brain discharges. a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. It can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings and levels of consciousness. Having two or more of this at least 24 hours apart that don't have a known cause is considered to be epilepsy

  seizures
• failure of muscular coordination or irregularity of muscle action, means without coordination. People with it lose muscle control in their arms and legs. This may lead to a lack of balance, coordination, and trouble walking. may affect the fingers, hands, arms, legs, body, speech, and even eye movements

  ataxia
• transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait attributable to a defect of chromosome 11, is a primary immunodeficiency disorder that results in progressive cerebellar degeneration. affects the part of the brain that controls motor movement, small widened blood vessels, may appear on the surface of the skin or in the eyes


  ataxia telangiectasia (louis bar syndrome)
• which is carried on the short arm of chromosome 9 as an autosomal recessive trait, characterized by progressive spinocerebellar degeneration


  friedrich ataxia
• a phenomenon that occurs in young children when they are stressed or angry. The child breathes in and, be cause he is upset, does not breathe out again or else breathes out and then does not inhale again

  breath holding spells
• one that occurs suddenly and recurrently. Seizures, headaches, and breath holding spells are the most frequent types seen in childhood

  paroxysmal disorders
• absence of the cerebral hemispheres, serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull

  anencephaly

  
• a disorder in which brain growth is so slow that it falls more than three standard deviations below normal on growth charts, a birth defect where a baby's head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age, babies with it often have smaller brains that might not have developed properly


  microcephaly

  
• a type of neural tube defect (NTD), often used to denote all spinal cord anomalies. When the neural tube doesn't close all the way, the backbone that protects the spinal cord doesn't form and close as it should

  spina bifida
• the mildest and most common form of spina bifida, occurs when the posterior laminae of the vertebrae fail to fuse, may be noticeable as a dimpling at the point of poor fusion, abnormal tufts of hair or discolored skin may be present

  spina bifida occulta
• If the meninges covering the spinal cord herniate through unformed vertebrae, this occurs. The anomaly appears as a protruding mass, usually approximately the size of an orange, at the center of the back, It generally occurs in the lumbar region, although it might be present anywhere along the spinal canal. The protrusion may be covered by a layer of skin or only the clear dura mater, a meningeal herniation without spinal cord involvement


  meningocele

  
• the spinal cord and the meninges protrude through the vertebrae the same as with a meningocele, the difference is that the spinal cord ends at the point, so motor and sensory function is absent beyond this point, spinal cord and meningeal herniation


  myelomeningocele

  
• a cranial meningocele or myelomeningocele, the disorder occurs most often in the occipital area of the skull but may occur as a nasal or nasopharyngeal disorder, causes brain tissue to grow through an opening of your baby’s skull.

  encephalocele

  
• posture suggests damage or dysfunction in the cerebral hemisphere above the brainstem level, arms are adducted and flexed on the chest with wrists flexed, hands fisted, the lower extremities are extended and internally rotated, and the feet are plan tar flexed


  decorticate posturing

  
• posture suggests when the midbrain or brainstem is not functional, is characterized by rigid extension and adduction of arms and pronation of the wrists with the fingers flexed, the legs are extended, and the feet are plantar flexed


  decerebrate posturing

  
• spastic involvement may affect both extremities on one side, condition characterized by paralysis or severe weakness on one side of the body


  hemiplegia