part 2

• common cold -acute rhinitis, is considered the most common illness in both children and adults.
• common cold -Its incidence and seasonal occurrence tend to be predictable. Close personal contact is necessary for the transmission of this disease
• common cold -rhinovirus (most common), parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus. These are the common virus that cause?
• common infectious agents that occasionally cause illness with common cold symptoms:

  1. adenovirus
  2. enterovirus
  3. influenza viruses
  4. reoviruses
  5. mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Rhinovirus -are the main cause of the common cold. they are non-enveloped RNA viruses that have more than 100 serological types
• rhinovirus -they primarily affect the nose and conjunctiva. The virus can withstand adverse environmental conditions and can survive the external environment for many hours but are killed by gastric acid when swallowed
• coronaviruses -are the second most common cause of common cold. They are enveloped RNA viruse.
• coronaviruses -Infection occurs worldwide, and the virus is mainly transmitted by respiratory aerosol.
• coronavirus (CoV-SARS) -etiologic agent of atypical pneumonia called SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
• Civet cat -was identified as the likely reservoir of CoV-SARS
• SARS -is a severe form of atypical pneumonia characterized by fever, non-productive cough, dyspnea, and hypoxia. Chills, rigors, malaise, and headache commonly occur
• COVID-19 -is a highly infectious disease caused by SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
• COVID-19 -It was originally known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) and human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-2019)
• COVID-19 -It is closely resembles bat coronavirus genetically, it is believed to have originated from bats
• Spike protein - or S protein, is found on the surface of the coronavirus. This is the virus attachment protein that allows the virus to attach and fuse with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor found on the surface of the human cells such as on cells in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and parts of the small intestine (ileum, duodenum, jejunum
• Wuhan virus -which are called variants
• Alpha Variant (B.1.1.7) -initially emerged in Great Britain (Nov 2020) and was believed to be more contagious than the original SARS-CoV-2 strain
• Beta Variant (B.1.351) -a variant in South Africa, was more likely to cause more severe infection leading to hospitalization and death than the original variant.
• Delta Variant (B.1.617.2) -a variant in India, and rapidly spread throughout the world. It became the predominant variant until the part of December 2021 when the Omicron variant emerged.
• SARS-CoV-2 -is transmitted through inhalation of respiratory droplets from the nose or mouth. The infection can also be acquired through airborne transmission or through a person's contact with objects or surfaces where the virus landing, then touching their eyes, mouth, nose, or eyes
• SARS-CoV-2 -The infection presents with flu-like symptoms of fever, dry cough, tiredness, body aches and pains, nasal congestion, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell.
• SARS-CoV-2 -the infection may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome as a result of cytokine storm or uncontrolled release of inflammatory signals by the innate immune system
• Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) - is the recommended diagnostic test by the WHO as the standard method
• remdesivir -antiviral drug approved by US FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 and it is given intravenously (IV)
• Molnupiravir -has been recommended as alternative therapy when nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) and remdevisir are not available
• Adenovirus -are non-enveloped DNA viruses that cause a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract disease such as pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, common cold, and pneumonia.
• Adenovirus -they also cause keratoconjunctivitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and gastroenteritis
• nasopharyngitis -characterized by swelling of the nasal passages and the back of the throat
• pharyngoconjunctival fever -acute respiratory disease characterized by fever, sore throat, coryza (runny nose), and conjunctivitis
• Bronchitis -inflammation of the bronchial tubes
• Atypical pneumonia -infection caused by different bacteria than the common ones that cause pneumonia
• hemorrhagic cystitis -characterized by hematuria and dysuria
• gastroenteritis -with non-bloody diarrhea in children younger than 2 years of age
• pharyngitis -refers to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the pharynx. The clinical diagnosis category includes tonsillitis, tonsillopharyngitis, and nasopharyngitis
• Nasopharyngitis -is a common illness of childhood, occurring more commonly during the cold weather months.
• nasopharyngitis - the most common cause is adenovirus, frequently causing infection in adolescents and young adults in military training. Other viruses, that can also cause the disease are parainfluenza and influenza
• nasopharyngitis -an acute, self-limited disease lasting 4-10 days
• Tonsillopharyngitis -inflammation involving both the pharynx and the tonsils. It has a seasonal occurrence and usually involves children 5-10 years of age, with a secondary peak at 12 and 18-20 years of age.
• tonsillopharyngitis -the most common cause is streptococcus pyogenes. The disease manifests with sudden onset of fever, sore throat, headache, nausea, malaise, and pain. There is marked redness of tonsil and pharynx
• Penicillin -antibiotic treatment is necessary, and the drug of choice to is penicillin