apush 3-4

• Marbury v. Madison


  This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review
• Judicial Review


  The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional
• Barbary Pirates


  Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations
• Louisiana Purchase


  territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
• Lewis and Clark


  Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
• Impressment


  British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair


  British warship fired on US warship off Virginia's coast, killing three Americans; resulted in high anti-British sentiment (1807)
• Embargo Act of 1807


  This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
• Tecumseh


  A Shawnee chief who tried to unite Native American tribes
• War Hawks


  Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
• Treaty of Ghent


  December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
• Andrew Jackson


  The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
• Hartford Convention


  Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
• Battle of New Orleans


  A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.
• Daniel Webster


  Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
• Henry Clay


  A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.
• John C. Calhoun


  South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification
• Tariff of 1816


  This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
• American System


  Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
• panic of 1819


  Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
• Second Bank of the United States


  a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.
• Missouri Compromise


  "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
• McCulloch v. Maryland


  Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law
• Gibbons v. Ogden


  This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow onstates' rights.
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)


  US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
• South Carolina Exposition and Protest


  Written in 1828 by Vice President Calhoun of S. Carolina to protest the the "Tariff of Abominations", which seemed to favor Northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition & became the basis for S. Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833.
• webster-hayne debate


  1830

  *Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification

  *Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident

  *At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?

  *Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"
• tariff of 1832


  A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act
• Force Bill


  1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
• Osceola


  Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837).
• Trail of Tears


  the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma
• Worcester v. Georgia


  Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
• Nicolas Biddle


  director of the National Bank. granted loans to congressmen. extended the power of the National Bank.
• Pet Banks


  A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.
• Eli Whitney


  United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
• Eerie Canal


  A historic canal that connects the Hudson River at Albany in eastern New York with the Niagara River and the Great Lakes. It opened in 1825.
• Samuel Morse


  invented the telegraph
• Lowell System


  The use of water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women in the 1800's
• mill girls


  Women who worked at textile mills who were thus given new freedoms and independence not seen before.
• cult of domesticity


  idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands