ELEX AL

• • Artificial Intelligence is composed of 2 words: Artificial and Intelligence.
• • Artificial: "man-made," Intelligence: "thinking power" or “the ability to learn and solve problems”
• • Artificial Intelligence: "a man-made thinking power."
• • Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
• Intelligence: the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
• nowledge: the information acquired through experience.
• Experience: the knowledge gained through exposure (training).
• • Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the “copy of something natural (i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and applying the information it has gained through exposure.”
• • Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems with Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence.
• • Intelligence is composed of:

  ➢ Reasoning

  ➢ Learning

  ➢ Problem Solving

  ➢ Perception

  ➢ Linguistic Intelligence
• AI System: is composed of an agent and its environment.
• • Agent: (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
• • Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.
• Classical planning problems: agent can assume that it is the only system acting in the world, allowing the agent to be certain of the consequences of its actions. However, if the agent is not the only actor, then it requires that the agent can reason under uncertainty. This calls for an agent that cannot only assess its environment and make predictions but also evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its assessment.
• • Machine Perception: ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects of the world. e.g., Computer Vision. 
• • High-profile examples of AI include:
  • Autonomous vehicles (drones &  self-driving cars), medical diagnosis, creating art (poetry), proving mathematical theorems, playing games (Chess or Go), search engines (Google search), online assistants (Siri), image recognition in photographs, spam filtering, prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online advertisements.
• • AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that can perform tasks that humans are very good at, for example recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of speech, and decision making in a constrained environment.
• • The advent of Big Data, driven by the arrival of the internet, smart mobile and social media has enabled AI algorithms, in particular from Machine Learning and Deep Learning, to leverage Big Data and perform their tasks more optimally. This combined with cheaper and more powerful hardware such as Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) has enabled AI to evolve into more complex architectures.
• • Machine Learning: advanced form of AI where the machine can learn as it goes rather than having every action programmed by humans.
  • Many times, students get confused between Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, but Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research since the field’s inception, is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience.
• • The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959.
• • Neural Networks: biologically inspired networks that extract features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
• • Deep Learning: field of neural networks with several hidden layers.
• Why we need AI at this time?

  1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
  2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
• What do you think the main goal of the advancement in AI?

  1. Replicate human intelligence
  2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
  3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
  4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:

  ✓ Proving a theorem

  ✓ Playing chess

  ✓ Plan some surgical operation

  ✓ Driving a car in traffic

  1. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
• Some disciplines which AI requires?

  • Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of other factors that can contribute to it. 
  • To create the AI: first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so Intelligence: intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, etc.
• • To create the AI: first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so Intelligence: intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, etc.
  • To achieve the above factors for a machine or software AI requires the following disciplines:

  1. Mathematics
  2. Biology
  3. Psychology
  4. Sociology
  5. Computer Science
  6. Neurons Study
  7. Statistics
• What do we get from using AI technology instead of previous reactive technology? (MAIN ADVANTAGES)

  1. High Accuracy with Fewer Errors: as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
  2. High-Speed: very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
  3. High Reliability: highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
  4. Useful for Risky Areas: helpful in situations (defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor) where to employ a human can be risky.
• What do we get from using AI technology instead of previous reactive technology? (MAIN ADVANTAGES)

  1. Digital Assistant: provide digital assistant to users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer requirements.
  2. Useful as a Public Utility: such as a self- driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purposes, Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google translate), etc.
• Some disadvantages of AI?

  • One of the key features that distinguishes us, humans, from everything else in the world is intelligence. This ability to understand, apply knowledge and improve skills has played a significant role in our evolution and establishing human civilization. But many people (including Elon Musk the founder of ....) believe that the advancement in technology can create a superintelligence that can threaten human existence.
• • Following are the disadvantages of AI:

  1. High Cost: hardware and software requirement is very costly; requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
  2. Can't Think Out of the Box: they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained or programmed.
  3. No Feelings and Emotions: cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with humans, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• • Following are the disadvantages of AI.

  1. Increase Dependence on Machines: people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
  2. No Original Creativity: cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
• IDENTIFY

  A)

  B) TURING MACHINE

  C) BIRTH OF AI: DARTMOUTH CONFERECE

  D) FIRST CHATBOAT: ELIZA

  E) FIRST INTE ROBOT

  F) 1ST AI WINER

  G) EXPERT

  H) 2ND AI WINER

  I) I DEEP BLUE

  J) AI IN HOME

  K) IBM WATSON

  L) GOOGLE

  M) CHATBOT EUGENE

  N) AMAZON ECHO

  
• • 1943: The 1st work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
• • 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
• 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
• 1. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
• • 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
• • 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field. At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
• 1. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

  • 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the 1st chatbot in 1966, ELIZA.
  • 1972: The 1st intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named WABOT-1.
• 1. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

  • 1974 to 1980: 1st AI winter duration.
  • AI winter: time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding from the government for AI researches.
  • During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.