CEGLGY20

• Geology


  The study of earth, geological agents and processes, identification of rocks and minerals, structural relationship of earth formations, and stratification to the foundations for engineering
• Earth is 4.54 billion years old
• Petrology


  Studies the origin, composition, distribution, and structure of rocks
• Types of Petrology


  • Igneous Petrology
  • Sedimentary Petrology
  • Metamorphic Petrology
• Igneous Petrology focuses on composition and texture of igneous rocks (crystallized from molten rock or magma)
• Sedimentary Petrology focuses on composition and texture of sedimentary rocks (derived from other rocks, biological or chemical deposits, bound together in a matrix or finer material)
• Metamorphic Petrology focuses on composition and texture of metamorphic rock (started out as igneous or sedimentary that undergone chemical, mineralogy, or textural changes due to pressure and temperature)
• Mineralogy


  The study of minerals
• Crystallography


  The study of crystals
• Photogeology


  The study of aerial photographs
• Resources Engineering


  The study of water, land, solar energy, minerals, and forests
• Hydrology


  Deals with the quality and quantity of water that are present in rocks
• Economic Geology


  The study of minerals, rocks and material in economic importance
• Physical Geology


  Deals with various processes of physical agent (ex. wind, water, glaciers, sea waves)
• Structural Geology (Tectonic Geology)


  The study of structures found in rocks
• Historical Geology


  The study of both stratigraphy and paleontology
• Types of Historical Geology

  • Stratigraphy
  • Paleontology
• Stratigraphy is the study of stratified rocks and its correlation
• Paleontology is the study of fossils, ancient remains
• Mining Geology


  The study of application of geology in mining engineering, selection of suitable sites for mines
• Civil Engineering Geology


  Deals with the geological problems that arise in the field of civil engineering along with its solutions
• Earth Layers


  • The Crust
  • The Mantle
  • The Core
• The Crust

  • 1% of Earth's Volume
  • Made up of different rocks such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
• Types of Crust

  • Oceanic Crust
  • Continental Crust
• Oceanic Crust is 8-km thick, very dense, made of basalt/younger
• Continental Crust is 32-km thick, less dense, made of granite/older
• The Mantle


  • Largest Layer
  • 84% of Earth's Volume
  • Composed of silicates of iron and magnesium, sulfide, and oxides of silicon and magnesium
  • Upper Mantle Temperature: 500-900 degrees in Celsius, increasing with depth
• Lithosphere


  The rigid outer layer. The solid part of earth has two parts: crust and upper mantle. Sits on the asthenosphere. It is the rocky and solid portion of crust, made up of oxygen and silicon
• Asthenosphere


  A solid rock that flows slowly. It is a layer below the lithosphere, also called "plastic-like". It may be solid or liquid and malleable. The Tectonic Plates, broken down into 19 pieces that move on the top of the asthenosphere
• Continental Drift Theory


  At one time all the continents were joined together in one land mass called Pangaea
• Pangaea existed 240 Million Years ago with the earliest dinosaurs, surrounded by a sea called "Panthalassa" which means "all sea"
• 180 Million Years ago, Pangaea broke into two big pieces: Laurasia (northern part) and Gondwana (southern part)
• 65 Million Years ago, Laurasia and Gondwana had split into smaller pieces
• Plate Tectonics

  Plates are driven by convection or cooling of earth, wherein gravity provides additional force to move plates
• Asthenosphere

  The hotter upper mantle below the lithosphere plate that flows like a silly put and a viscoelastic solid (not liquid)
• Puzzle Pieces - continents fit together like a puzzle
• Fossil Evidence - same plants and animal fossils were found on different continents
• Rock Evidence - huge belts of identical rocks were found in Africa and South America, identical in age, thickness, and type
• Glacier Evidence - proof that glaciers moved from Africa through the Atlantic Ocean, and then towards to South America
• Climate Evidence - continents have been at different locations in the geological past