MICROPARA

• It is the field of science that studies microorganism or organisms and agents that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
• Microorganism

  They can be eukaryotic, archaeal, or bacterial
• Prokaryotes


  They lack membrane-bound nucleus and can slef-replicate
• Microbial communities

  Microorganisms typically live here
• Understanding and Applying

  The science of microbiology revolves around two interconnected themes.
• Basic Microbiology and Applied Microbiology

  Two major areas in the field of microbiology
• Robert Hook

  He was the one who described the fruiting structures of mold and observed cell in a cork. He also the 1st person to describe microorganisms.
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

  He used a primitive microscope and observed animalcules. He also discovered bacteria.
• Ferdinand Cohn


  A trained botanist. founded the field of bacteriology and discovered bacterial endospores of Bacillus, and was credited for the used of cotton for closing flasks and tubes.
• Abiogenesis


  It is the concept of Spontaneous Generation, means that life arose from the non-living things.
• Biogenesis

  It is the opposite of the concept of Spontaneous Generation because it is the life that arose from the life
• Louis Pasteur


  He is French chemist that disprove the theory of spontaneous generation using his swan-neck flask or Pasteur flask which was heated to eliminate contamination.
• Sterilization


  It is the process of killing all bacteria or microorganisms in or on objects
• Fermentation

  occurs when grape juice is allowed to stand and through a series of biochemical changes, alcohol and other substances are produced from grape sugar.
• Robert Koch

  He is a German physician that developed the methods for the study of bacteria in pure culture
• Pure Culture


  It is a culture containing a single kind (species) of microorganism
• Joseph Lister


  He developed the aseptic technique
• Martinus Beijerinck


  A Dutch botanist that introduced the enrichment culture
• Enrichment Culture

  a procedure that greatly improves the possibility of isolating special kinds of microorganisms from soil and water (nutrient and incubation requirements)
• Sergei Winogradsky

  A Russian microbiologist that made a made fundamental observations on the role of microorganisms in performing biogeochemical transformations involving sulfur, iron and their compounds
• Chemolithotropy

  the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation
• Julius Richard Petri


  A military physician who developed Petri dish
• Aniline dyes


  were observed to inhibit microbial growth
• Salvarsan


  It is an Arsenic compound that inhibited syphilis. Discovered by Paul Ehrlich
• Penicillin


  Discovered by Alexander Fleming and is commercially available in the 1939
• Prontosil


  First sultra-drug by Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (1935) • Also the first drug to be used commercially
• Streptomycin

  Discovered by Selman Waksman and Albery Schatz. Second antibiotic
• Magnification


  the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size
• Resolution


  the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points
• Contrast

  Visible differences in parts of the sample
• Plasma Membrane


  A double layer of phospholipids which is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
• Nucleus

  Contains the most of cell's genes and is usually the ost conspicuous organelle
• Nuclear Envelope

  Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytosplasm
• Nuclear Lamina


  Composed of protein which maintained the shape of the nucleus
• Pores


  Regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
• Chromatin


  It is a genetic material that is formed by the DNA and proteins
• Chromosomes

  Chromatin condenses to form discrete _
• Nucleolus


  It is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA
• Ribosomes


  particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
• Free ribosomes

  Can be found in the cytosol