respiration

• Where does glycolysis take place?

  cytoplasm of the cell
• where does the link reaction take place

  matrix of mitochondria
• Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

  mitochondrial matrix
• where does the electron transport chain take place

  cristae of mitochondria
• what does glycolysis do

  breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
• describe the process of glycolysis

  Glucose is phosphorylated using two ATP molecules.(hexose biphosphate)

  These are then made into two molecules of 3C (triose phosphate.)

  Each TP is then oxidised into pyruvate, by reducing NAD and creating two molecules of ATP each.
• net gain of ATP during glycolysis

  uses 2 ATP, gains 4 ATP, so Net gain is 2 ATP
• how is pyruvate moved to mitochondria to the link reaction

  active transport
• what happens during the link reaction

  1. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl group.

  (Per pyruvate molecule: net gain of 1xCO2 (decarboxylation) & 2H atoms (used to reduce 1xNAD).

  2. Acetyl group combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetylcoenzyme A.

  3. cycle happens twice because you start w 2 pyruvates
• what happens during the whole respiration process summery:

  1. glycolysis - glucose to pyruvate

  2. Link reaction - pyruvate to acetyl, to acetyl coA

  3. Krebs - acetyl coA added to oxaloacetate to make citric acid (this goes through reactions to get back to the start and producing NADH and FADH)

  4. Electron transport chain - oxidative phosphorylation (using NADH and FADH made in Krebs)
• for one molecule of glucose what is the output of DADH, FADH, ATP, and C02 waste products for the link reaction and Krebs cycle

  8 DADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 6 C02 waste products
• what happens during the Krebs cycle

  acetyl coA - citric acid - decarboxylation, and dehydrogenation occur twice - substrate level phosphorylation - then dehydrogenation again twice to make oxaloacetate back to acetyl CoA
• What is dehydrogenation?

  The removal of hydrogen from a molecule (NAD-NADH)
• what is decarboxylation?

  The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule
• what happens in the electron transport chain

  oxydated phosphorylation
• what is oxydated phosphorylation

  the process by which electrons move down an electron transport chain, resulting in the formation of ATP from ADP
• process of oxydated phosphorylation

  1. hydrogen atoms are released from NADH and FADH

  2. they split into protons and electrons

  3. electrons move down ETC

  4. energy lost is used to pump H+ ions into inner membrane space

  5. protons electrons and oxygen combine to make water (oxygen is final electron acceptor)

  6. protons move down conc gradient back to matrix through ATP synthase to make ATP
• is lactate fermentation reversible

  yes bc 3C molecule has gone to 3C molecule
• is alcoholic fermentation reversible

  no bc something has been taken away
• lactate fermentation process (animals)

  pryruvate to lactate by gaing a H+ ions from NADH so it goes to NAD (so it can still accept H+ ions during glycolysis)
• enzyme involved in lactate fermentation

  lactate dehydrogenase
• enzyme involved in alcoholic fermentation

  pyruvate decarboxylase
• how to restore lactate fermentation

  oxygen sent to convert lactate back to glucose in the liver
• process of alcoholic fermentation (pants and yeast)

  pyruvate to ethanal to ethanol by removing c02 and gaining a H* ion from NADH
• what isn't good about producing ethanol from anaerobic respiration

  ethanol is toxic so must stay below 15%
• why do we need cellular respiration

  generate stable ATP supply
• why do organisms need to respire

  active transport, metabolic reactions
• what is formed in the krebs cycle

  forming citrate from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate. and then the reconversion
• why does anaerobic respiration produce a lower yield of ATP than aerobic respiration?

  In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water. However, in anaerobic respiration, the breakdown of glucose is incomplete. The end product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid instead of carbon dioxide and water.
• RQ respiration equation

  carbon dioxide produced/oxygen consumed
• where do all the different ATP molecules come from during respiration:

  
  

  - net gain of 2 in glycolysis

  - 1 every turn for krebs (ATP is produced during the conversion of a 5-carbon compound to a 4-carbon compound) so 2 in total
• respiratory substrate

  a biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy