Biostat Lab

• TUBERCULOSIS


  A contagious disease caused by bacteria that mainly affects the lungs but can also harm other parts of the body
• How TB spreads


  TB spreads through the air when someone with the disease coughs or sneezes
• Common TB symptoms


  • Persistent cough
  • Chest pain
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis


  The bacterium that causes TB
• How TB affects the body

  The bacteria can enter the body and primarily affect the lungs, but they can also spread to other organs and tissues
• Individuals at higher risk of TB

  Those with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or malnutrition
• Additional TB symptoms


  • Back pain
  • Joint pain
  • Abdominal pain
• TB diagnostic methods


  • Tuberculin skin test (TST)
  • Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs)
  • Chest X-ray
  • Sputum examination
• TB treatment


  Treated with a combination of antibiotics, usually for at least 6 months
• Drug-resistant TB


  May require alternative medications or longer treatment duration
• Directly observed therapy (DOT)


  Recommended to ensure treatment adherence and minimize drug resistance
• An estimated global total of 10.6 million people fell ill with TB in 2021
• Most TB cases in 2021 were in the WHO regions of South-East Asia (45%), Africa (23%) and the Western Pacific (18%)

  
• The TB incidence rate increased by 3.6% between 2020 and 2021
• Countries with the highest share of global TB cases in 2021

  • India (28%)
  • Indonesia (9.2%)
  • China (7.4%)
  • Philippines (7.0%)
  • Pakistan (5.8%)
  • Nigeria (4.4%)
  • Bangladesh (3.6%)
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo (2.9%)

  
• About 70 Filipinos die daily from TB
• For every 100,000 Filipinos, an estimated 650 individuals were infected with TB in 2021
• TB incidence is predicted to increase by 130 percent and TB deaths by 170 percent by 2025 in the Philippines

  
• The Philippines is one of the top 10 countries that accounted for more than 90 percent reduction in case notification of people who are newly diagnosed with TB in 2021 compared with those in 2019
• Risk factors for TB

  • Recent infection with TB bacteria
  • Medical conditions that weaken the immune system
• Specific risk groups for TB

  • Close contacts of a person with infectious TB
  • Persons who have immigrated from high-TB areas
  • Children under 5 with positive TB test
  • Groups with high TB transmission rates (homeless, drug users, HIV+)
  • People who work/reside with high-risk groups
• Medical conditions that weaken the immune system

  • HIV infection
  • Substance abuse
  • Silicosis
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Severe kidney disease
  • Low body weight
  • Organ transplants
  • Head and neck cancer
  • Corticosteroid or organ transplant treatment
  • Rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease treatment
• TB prevention and control measures

  • BCG vaccination
  • Early diagnosis
  • Case finding
  • Managing the environment
  • Maintaining a healthy immune system
• BCG vaccine


  Live vaccine prepared from weakened bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis
• BCG vaccine


  • 80% effective in preventing TB for 15 years
  • More effective against complex forms of TB in children
  • Less effective when given in equatorial regions
• Early diagnosis and treatment


  Most effective way to prevent TB spread
• Case finding


  Limiting TB spread by finding and treating people with the illness
• Environmental measures to reduce TB spread

  • Good ventilation
  • Natural light
  • Good hygiene (covering coughs/sneezes)
• Healthy immune system


  Best defense against TB - 60% of adults with healthy immune system can kill TB bacteria
• HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes HIV infection. The abbreviation "HIV" can refer to the virus or to HIV infection.
• AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection.
• HIV was first identified in USA among homosexuals


  1981
• French Investigator named LYMPHADENOPATHY associated virus(LAV)


  1983
• Virus was isolated by Gallo and co-workers from national institute of health in United States. They named HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS III(HTLV-III)


  1984
• Thailand was the first country in the SEAR to report a case of AIDS


  1984
• A new strain of HIV was Isolated in WEST AFRICAN patient with AIDS which is called HIV-2


  1986
• International Committee on taxonomy gave a new name called Human Immue deficiency virus


  May 1986
• HIV/AIDS is devastating disease of mankind.
• HIV


  Attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells (CD4 T lymphocyte) of the immune system
• HIV


  Is spread from the body fluids of an infected person