Reseach Quanti

• Quantitative Research


  • It is reliable and objective
  • It uses statistics to generalize a finding
  • It reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables
  • It looks at the connections between variables and establishes cause and effect relationships in highly controlled circumstances
• Statistical Methods


  • Pearson's r measures the relationship between two variables
  • T-test examines the presence of a statistical differences between two means
  • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) looks into the statistical difference among the means of two or more group
  • Multiple regression tests the relationship between several independent variables and one dependent variable
• Quantitative research is reliable and objective
• Quantitative research uses statistics to generalize a finding
• Statistical Methods


  • Pearson's r measures the relationship between two variables
  • T-test examines the presence of a statistical differences between two means
  • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) looks into the statistical difference among the means of two or more group
  • Multiple regression tests the relationship between several independent variables and one dependent variable
• Quantitative researchers seek explanations and predictions that can be generalized, refers to the extent to which not only represent the samples but also the population at large
• Quantitative research reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables
• Quantitative research looks at the connections between variables and establishes cause and effect relationships in highly controlled circumstances
• Quantitative research tests theories or hypothesis
• Quantitative research tends to rely on deductive form of analysis, moving from general to specific or from theory, hypothesis to logical conclusion
• Quantitative research assumes that the sample is representative of the population
• Standardized data can be collected from sizeable number of participants/samples using probability sampling, which is highly randomized. Because of this, quantitative is said to exhibit a lower level of subjectivity and a higher rate of generalizability
• Strengths of Quantitative Research

  • Standards are usually used in choosing the instruments, in sampling procedures, and in choosing the most appropriate statistical treatment, thus making the research replicable
  • The result is reliable since the study uses a big sample of the population
  • It allows the researcher to measure and analyze the data to arrive at an objective answer to the problem posed or stated
  • It can make predictions based on numerical, quantifiable data. Results can be reduced through statistical treatments and interpreted in a few statements
  • It can establish causality more conclusively
  • Data analysis using statistical software is faster
  • Data gathering techniques are typically less demanding compared with those in qualitative research
• Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

  • Results are limited and cannot provide in-depth information since they are usually based on the analysis of numbers and are not obtained from detailed narratives
  • It provides less comprehensive textual description of human experiences and perceptions
  • Numerical data may be insufficient in analyzing intangible factors, such as gender roles, socio-economic status and social norms of a given population
  • It has less flexibility in terms of study design
  • Responses of participants are strictly limited to what has been asked. These responses may not be extensive in some cases
  • Self-reported data may not be very accurate as respondents may have the tendency to underestimate or overestimate their skills and behavior during self-assessment tasks
  • Having a large study sample requires researchers to spend more resources
• Importance of Quantitative Research in Different Fields

  • Education
  • Business
  • Medical and Health Allied Services
  • Science and Technology
  • Information and Communication Technology
  • Agriculture and Fisheries
  • Sports
  • Arts
  • Social Inquiry
• Variable


  Any element or entity which can be measured for quantity or quality. It is any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and/or manipulates. It is also the changing quantity or measure of any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types
• Classifications of Variables


  • Numeric or Quantitative variables
  • Categorical variables
  • Experimental variables
• Numeric or Quantitative variables

  • Discrete variables
  • Continuous variables
  • Ratio variables
• Categorical variables


  • Ordinal variables
  • Dichotomous variables
  • Nominal variables
• Experimental variables


  • Dependent variables
  • Independent variables
  • Extraneous variables
• Confounding variables


  If an extraneous variable is not appropriately controlled, it may be unequally present in the comparison groups. As a result, the variable becomes a confounding variable. Being unaware of or failing to control for confounding variables may cause the researcher to analyze the results incorrectly
• Kinds of Quantitative Research

  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Ex post facto
  • Quasi-experimental
  • Experimental
• another-these are some questions that fill our minds or bog us down when we do not find plausible answers. Hence, when our curiosity is piqued, we want to gather as much information we can.
• Practical Research aims for the Research Proposal as your culminating task, so which area of interest would you like to study? Is there a research topic you have in your mind now? Is there a problem which you would like to focus on?
• Research topic


  The issue or problem leading to the need for the research
• Factors to consider in identifying and selecting your research topic

  • Relevance
  • Interest
  • Manageability
  • Avoid sensitive and controversial topics
  • Avoid tackling very recent or technical topics
  • Available resources
• Sources of Topics


  • Theory
  • Personal Experience
  • Replication
  • Talk to experts in the field
• Research Title


  • 1. Summarize the main idea of the whole paper
  • 2. Be written using fewest possible words without compromising its clarity and idea
  • 3. Include the major variable/s
  • 4. Show the relationship of the main variables of the study
  • 5. Include the main task of the researcher about the major variables under study
  • 6. Mention the participants (in a general manner) and the setting
• • The researcher must be reminded of the following when formulating the research title:
  • 1. Avoid using words that serve no useful purposes and show wordiness
  • 2. The general problem or even the specific question that the researcher intends to answer, when rewritten in a statement form, can serve as the title
  • 3. The title must have ten (10) to fifteen (15) words
  • 4. Avoid an overly general title
  • 5. Refrain from using abbreviations unless they are commonly known
  • 6. Employ either the declarative or question form in formulating your title, but take note that the question form is used less frequently in research
  • 7. Use the current acceptable terminology in your field of study when writing your research title
• • The first chapter of the research study aims to introduce the research problem, clarify important variables, discuss its delimitations, and specify its significance to the field of study. It has the following elements:
  • A. Background of the Study
  • B. Statement of the Problem
  • C. Scope and Delimitation
  • D. Significance of the Study
• Background of the Study

  • It presents the rationale and background of your study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. The introduction is very important in establishing the cognitive setting of the research and it involves:
  • a. Beginning with a general statement of the problem area with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the study
  • b. Discussing why there is a need to study the problem
  • c. Clarifying the important terminologies for the reader to easily understand what the research is about
  • d. Establishing the degree of seriousness of the problem which has prompted the researcher to look for solutions
  • e. Establishing the research gap, an issue that has not been fully addressed by the previous studies
• Research problem


  The particular issue which you will address in your study as well as the specific area of concern of the research
• Steps in identifying your research problem

  • Conduct preliminary research using all available resources
  • Prepare a concept map or list of ideas related to the research topic
  • Identify your general research problem from the clusters
• Statement of the Problem

  It will be difficult to conduct any research unless a clear problem is initially stated. Stating the problem helps the researchers clarify various essentials elements of research such as the major variables, the general and specific questions, and the appropriate methodology.
• Important elements in the statement of the general problem

  • Main tasks
  • Main or major variables
  • Participants: subject or respondents
  • The specific setting
  • Coverage date of the conduct of study
  • For development research, the intended outputs
• Research Questions


  The specific problems are usually stated as questions that the researcher seeks to answer
• Criteria for specific research questions

  • They must be in question form
  • They must be clear and unambiguous
  • They must be researchable
  • They must be relevant to the study
• There are two general types of questions formulated in research: non-researchable and researchable questions
• Non-researchable questions are questions of value. These are questions that are answerable by "yes" or "no".
• Criteria for specific research questions

  • They must be in question form
  • They must define the population and the sample (that is, the respondents or subjects) of the study
  • They must identify the variables (major and minor) being studied
  • They must be empirically tested