Reading and Writing

• Culture context refers to the traditions, beliefs, customs, and way of life to a particular group of people.
• Historical context refers to what was going on in the world during the timeframe in which a work is set or was written.
• Physical context refers to the setting in which a work of writing takes place.
• Rhetorical context refers to the circumstances under which a particular piece of writing is created.
• Context means circumstances forming a background of an event, idea or statement, in such a way as to enable readers to understand the narrative or a literary piece.
• Plagiarism is both consciously and unconsciously copying someone’s work and claiming the copy as your own without due citation.
• Direct plagiarism is the verbatim copying of any part of your source material to your own research paper, without including quotation marks, in-text citations, and a bibliography.
• Self-plagiarism is using your own previous work, or a combination of the words you used in your previous works, and passing it to your instructor as a new submission, without the knowledge of all instructors involved in your previous and current submissions.
• Mosaic plagiarism /Patchwork is also called “patch writing.” This means that the author attempts to paraphrase a source into his/her own paper but maintains the original syntax or sentence structure.
• Accidental plagiarism, as the name suggests, is done unintentionally.
• Incremental plagiarism is copying the work but changing some words to its synonymous terminologies to make it appear that it his/her own work.
• Introduction - background necessary for understanding the project
• informal proposal has 2-4 pages
• formal proposal has 5 pages or more
• Project proposals are documents that are written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment selling.
• Rationale: identifies the problems to be addressed
• Objective: intends to achieve in terms of results
• Benefits: These show what the reader or the target audience can gain

  from the proposal
• Project Description - give specific information about the project itself
• Methodology: different activities that the project will take on
• Schedule: task duration, expected start, end dates
• Budget: amount
• Writing the proposal: Some guidelines

  1. Gathering data
  2. Organizing data
  3. Writing the proposal
  4. Revising the proposal