TCW

• Globalization

  Intensified interconnectedness & interdependence of nation state in terms of economy, socio cultural, population, politics, ecology/environment, technology, information
• Global Connectedness Index (GCI)

  Measurement of flows and interconnections of a country to other global players through exchanges in trade, capital, people, and information
• Factors driving globalization

  • Reduction of trade barriers
  • Infrastructural investments such as on modernization of transportation systems, and modern telecommunications
• Views about globalization

  • Positive: Highlights the positive economic impacts of globalization such as on the level of employment and balance of trade
  • Negative: Highlights the negative impacts of globalization, specifically the inequity among countries and between the rich and the poor
• Important aspects of globalization

  • Trading: Import and export of goods & services
  • Capital Movement: Foreign investment, Commercial Loans, Official flows, Foreign direct investment
  • Movement of People: People can migrate to other countries in search of better employment opportunities
• Assumptions behind the pursuit of globalization

  • Rapid economic growth will lead to development
  • Trading will bring prosperity
  • Poor countries will benefit from borrowed funds
  • Poor countries need to catch up with rich countries by implementing economic policies toward economic integration
  • Removal of tariffs, quota can ease global trading and will lead to economic integration
• Institutions and actors shaping economic globalization

  • World Bank (WB)
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • World Trade Organizations (WTO)
• Economic globalization

  • Expansion of nat'l economies that promotes faster & easier flow of goods & capital
  • Greater integration of economic activities, products, & systems across the world
  • Extends economic projects & relations transnationally interdependencies among countries
  • Goes beyond globalization. Means, it also involves market integration & globalization
• Economic integration

  Process of combining or increasing the interconnectivity of national economies to the regional or global economies
• Global economy

  Various countries are more interconnected from extraction, production, distribution, consumption, to disposal of goods and services
• Actors that facilitate economic globalization

  • International Economic Organizations
  • Multinational Companies (MNCs) and Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
  • Central Banks
  • Global Civil Society
• Modern world system theory

  • Core - center of the system, most powerful state nations
  • Periphery - outer edge of the system, less developed countries
  • Semi-periphery - in-between the zone, developing countries
• Market integration

  • Process where economies are becoming more interdependent and interconnected in commodity flows including externalities and spillover of impacts
  • Removal of barriers that might make it hard for people and businesses to trade or do business with each other
  • This led to a more efficient and interconnected economies
• Types of market integration

  • Horizontal: Occurs when a company acquires or merges with other companies that operate at the same stage of the supply chain or in the same industry
  • Vertical: Involves company's expansion into different stages of the supply chains
• International financial institutions (IFIs)

  Provide financial, technical services, and products not for profit but for overall economic and social development
• 4 key issues with IFIs

  • Legitimacy
  • Effectiveness
  • Support Conditionality
  • Financial Capacity & Sustainability
• Global corporations

  Referred to as multinational corporations and transnational corporations
• Global interstate system

  • Institutional arrangement of governance that addresses regional/globalized issues that goes beyond the scope of state
  • Due to interconnectedness, national & local policies are also improving
• Institutions that govern globalization

  • State Actors: Countries (sovereign state with defined territory, population, government, & capacity to enter into international relations)
  • Non-state Actors: Organizations/individual that is not funded/affiliated through a state (i.e., UN, WTO, etc.)
• Globalism

  An ideology based on the belief that flow of people, goods, & information should flow freely across national borders
• Internationalism

  Political, economic, & cultural cooperation between nations
• Global governance

  • Provide government-like services
  • Combination of informal & formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures, practices, policies, & organizations that help all actor-states
  • How the world is, was, & could be governed. And, how changes in grand & not-so grand patterns of governance
• Nation-state

  • Is simple a country
  • Connected with history & culture
  • Challenges: Globalization, Global issues, Identity-politics, Immigration, Rise of supra-national organizations, Increase of infra-national organizations
• Non-state actors

  • Growth of this means that we have come a long way from state-centric model of traditional international relations
  • It has ushered an age of global partnership between private & public bodies
  • Example: United Nations (UN) – designed to make the enforcement of international law, security, human rights, economic developments, & social progress easier for countries around the world
• Social stratification

  • Hierarchy on the basis of wealth, status, or power
  • Segregation of people based on class, race, economic status
  • Dilemma: Lead to inequalities, wherein powerful groups are given much privilege
  • Humans have dignity & rights to have equitable access to resources (both material & not)
• Global divide

  • Occurs within & among nations
  • Disparities often due to stratification differing economic affluence or others
• Cold war definitions of global divide

  • 1st world counties, those that were aligned with US & NATO
  • 2nd world countries, those that were aligned with Soviet Union & Warsaw Pact
  • 3rd world countries, those that were not aligned with any sides
• Post cold war definitions of global divide

  • 1st world counties, highly developed countries with strong economies, high standard of living, & advanced technology
  • 2nd world countries, developing countries that are transitioning to capitalism
  • 3rd world countries, developing countries with low standards of living & limited economic development
• Global North vs Global South

  • GLOBAL NORTH – countries that are geographically in the northern hemisphere or countries that are economically developed
  • GLOBAL SOUTH – countries that are geographically in southern hemisphere or countries that are economically struggling
  • Rich in natural & human resources
• Regionalism

  • "Barkadahan"
  • Strengthened collective identity of nations occupying a particular geographical area or aiming at the shared goals
  • Group of nations concerning the peace & welfare of the people
• Why is regionalism needed?


  • Security
  • Ecology
  • Demand for human resources
  • Labor migration
  • Terrorism
  • Epidemics
  • Drug trafficking
• Varying degrees of regionness

  • Geographical unit
  • Social system
  • Organized cooperation
  • Civil society
  • Acting subject