Art in emerging europe

• Major periods in Western Art History

  • Ancient Rome
  • Ancient Greece
  • Middle Ages
  • Renaissance Art
  • Baroque and the Rococo
  • Neoclassicism
  • Mannerism
• Ancient Greece

  • Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspects of society
  • They also valued poetry, drama, and philosophy which remain interesting fields of study for the contemporary times
  • For those who want to be involved in the arts: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
• Ancient Greece

  • Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of reason
  • Man was at the center of society and how they trained their minds could be the very foundation of how they lived their lives
  • The humanist ideals of the Greeks were also reflected in their democratic form of government
  • These principles, belief systems, and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture
• Greek Art Periods

  • The Geometric Period
  • The Archaic Period
  • Classical Period
  • Hellenistic Period
• The Geometric Period


  • Time when Greece was starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark Ages
  • It was a period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most of the artworks
• Romanticism


  A movement in which the artists of the Neoclassical period sought to break new ground in the expression of emotion, both subtle and stormy
• The Archaic Period


  • Placed importance on human figures
  • This was primary a result of Greece's trading activities with other civilization
• Romantic Paintings


  • "Liberty of leading the people" by Eugene Delacroix
  • LE DÉSESPÉRÉ (THE DESPERATE MAN) by Gustave Courbet 1843 and 1845
  • SPOLIARIUM by Juan Luna 1884
• Classical Period


  • Peak of Greek sculpture and architecture
  • This time, Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and focusing on creating artworks
• Romantic Architecture

  • The facade of the palais garnier opera house Charles Garnier 1875
• Romantic Sculpture


  • The Statue of Liberty
• Ludovisi Throne


  • Ludovisi Throne, stone relief, c. 460 BCE; in the National Roman Museum, Rome
• Hellenistic Period


  • Known as The time of Alexander the Great in 324 BC
  • Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality
  • Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize balance while showcasing dynamic and a number of emotions evoked by the subjects
• Realism


  A style of work that focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality
• Lacoon and His Sons


  • One of the famous Hellenistic sculptures
• Realism


  • Based on direct observation of the modern world
  • Objective and down to earth
  • Opposite of abstract
  • Does not convey beauty, but a common place in all its plainness
  • Reject Romanticism
• • The sculpture depicts Lacoon (Trojan priest) and his sons being strangles by serpents
  • Their position was a result of Lacoon's instruction during the Trojan War
  • He instructed to keep the gates of Troy locked up because he felt that the wooden horse offered by the Greeks as a gift to Athena was a trick
  • Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea was enraged by such action which led him to send serpents to strangle Lacoon and his sons
• Realist Paintings


  • Young women from the Village, 1852 by Gustave Courbet
  • The Gleaners, 1857 by Jean-Francois Millet
  • The Fox Hunt, 1893 by Winslow Homer
• • The origin of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization
  • The followers of Dionysus - the god of fertility - Started the Greek theater
  • People who were devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings to their god
  • Eventually, the Dionysians devised a more structured form of drama involving dances and choral songs, which depicted Greek mythologies
  • Eventually the Greek organized theatrical contest where the performances were held in front of large citizens
• Impressionism


  A style of painting developed in France during the mid- to-late 19th century
• Ancient Rome


  • The Roman was established around 500 BCE
  • It transformed into one of Western Europe's mightiest empires
  • Romanization came of age during the Hellenistic Period
  • The Romans were fond of the Greeks and their achievement in art
  • Invoked principles of realism (highlighting the features of human being)
• Impressionism


  • Small, visible brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of form
  • Unblended color
  • Emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural light
• The Romans are known to be the "master builders" which earned reputation for grand monuments and architectural infrastructures
• Goal of Impressionist art

  To accurately and objectively record visual reality
• • Ancient Greece had a huge impact in the formation of Roman culture
  • There are a lot of Greek influences evident in Roman theatre and drama
  • Writers of comedy like Platus and Terence have patterned their works to those of Greek works
• Middle Ages


  • 500 AD to 1500 AD
  • Medieval times/dark period
  • Church became the central figure
  • Great cathedrals were also built
  • Two periods of cathedrals are: (1) The romanesque (1050-1200), inspired by the old roman Impire; (2) the gothic (1200-1500) which had a more norther flavor
• Impressionist Paintings


  • 'Poplars on the Epte' by Claude Monet
  • "Meules, milieu du jour" by Claude Monet
  • Pont Neuf by Pierre-Auguste Renoir
• Post-Impressionism


  An art movement that developed in the 1890s, characterized by a subjective approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion rather than realism in their work
• Art forms in the Middle Ages

  • Scalptures and Carvings
  • Illuminated Manuscripts
  • Stained Glass
  • Icon Paintings
• Neoclassicism


  • A movement in Europe that transpired during the late 18th and early 19th century
  • Aimed to revive and rekindled the influences of Greek and roman into art architecture
• Post-Impressionism


  • Breaking away from the naturalism of Impressionism
  • Focusing their art upon the subjective vision of the artists, rather than following the traditional role of the art as a window onto the world
  • Focused on the emotional, structural, symbolic, and spiritual elements
• Post-Impressionist Paintings


  • "Starry night" by Van Gogh
  • Fonds D'écran by Van Gogh
  • The Scream, 1893 by Edvard Munch
• 10 MOST FAMOUS NEOCLASSICAL ART AND ARTISTS

  • Das Gelübde Ludwigs XIII by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
  • The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David
  • Orpheus by Antonio Canova
  • Virgil reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
  • Virgil reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia by Angelica Kauffman
  • Two Officers and a Groom in a Landscape by Benjamin West
  • Thor Battering the Midgard Serpent by Henry Fuseli
  • Self-portrait in a Straw Hat by Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun
  • Dolce far Niente by John William Godward
  • The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar by John Singleton Copley
• Neo-Impressionism


  A response to the empirical realism of Impressionism, considered as a part of the Post-Impressionist movement
• Renaissance art


  • Is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology
  • Renaissance art took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge
  • The body of art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature identified as "Renaissance art" was primarily produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man
  • Artists valued the "individual" as a subject of art
  • The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the Renaissance Period to empower the "Individual"
  • Most artworks emphasized naturalism, which was also an influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the proportionality of the human body
  • Most artists also added perspective of depth wherein spaces were explored in different artworks
  • This technique provided a three-dimensional perspective of most Renaissance paintings
  • Artists also give importance to non-religious themes or subjects
  • There was also a revival of Roman Theatrical Plays which were performed during special occasions at the courts of Italian princes
• Neo-Impressionism

  • Relies on systematic and scientific techniques that have predetermined visual effects
  • Utilizes the Pointillist and Divisionist techniques
• Mannerism

  • Also known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, when the Baroque style largely replaced it
  • Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century
  • The word's origins come from the Italian word maniera, which means "style" or "manner"
  • Stylistically, Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting to, the harmonious ideals associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Vasari, and early Michelangelo
  • Where High Renaissance art emphasizes proportion, balance, and ideal beauty, Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant
  • Notable for its artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities, this artistic style privileges compositional tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting
  • Mannerism in literature and music is notable for its highly florid style and intellectual sophistication
• Divisionism


  An attempt to put Impressionist painting of light and colour on a scientific basis by using an optical mixture of colours
• The Deposition from the Cross

  • Jacopo da Pontormo (1494-1557), one of the pioneers of the art movement
• Pointillism


  An art technique that utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure color