diass

• Communication


  The use of verbal or nonverbal messages to create meaning
• Communication

  • Bonds humans
  • A chain that links people
• Context

  • Clarity and relatedness
  • Gives meaning to the communication process
• Even if we understand words in a language, it is hard to fully understand its meaning unless it is fully conceptualized (e.g. language barrier)
• Contexts of communication

  • Email
  • Television
  • Family
  • Friends
  • Political campaign
  • Celebrations
  • Religious events
• Aims of communication

  • Create social and political change
  • Be the voice to the voiceless
  • Shape the receiver's behavior
• Elements of communication

  • Sender/Encoder
  • Message
  • Channel/Medium
  • Receiver/Decoder
  • Feedback
• Sender


  • Conveys the message, oral or written
  • Ideas or feelings that the sender wants to share
  • Verbal or non-verbal (body language)
• Channel

  • Where the message travels
  • Radio, phone, magazines, record, newspaper, television
• Receiver


  Listens and decodes the message
• Feedback


  • Message or reaction of the receiver
  • Interpretation of the message
• Noise/Barrier


  • Internal - environment
  • External - mind of the receiver (episodes, prior experiences, trauma triggers, absentmindedness, thinking)
• Setting

  • Where the communication takes place
  • Venue, formal or informal events
  • Face to face, mediated communication, TV, texts, radio
• Types of communication

  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
  • Intercultural
  • Interviewing
  • Small group
  • Mass communication
• Intrapersonal communication

  • Within ourselves
  • Channel: mind, Receiver: self, Feedback: actions
  • Pray, reflect, think, strategize, creating ideas, daydream
• Interpersonal communication

  • More than one person
  • Channels: sight and sound
• Intercultural communication


  • Members of different cultures of people who are encultured differently
  • Cultural context do matter
• Interviewing

  • Questions and answers between two people or groups
  • Formality of communication
• Small group communication


  • Small group of people meet to solve a problem
  • Cooperative thinking; specific purpose
  • Bonding w/ friends, family/group discussions
• Mass communication


  • Speech to an audience in a highly structured manner
  • Presidential structures, teaching, seminars, public announcements
• The role of communicators and journalists is to provide information and evidence to inform issues in the most neutral way possible
• Roles, functions and competencies of communicators and journalists

  • Collect, gather and provide news, facts, opinions for the public to form judgements and decisions
  • Poor writing skills, reading skills, listening skills and communication skills can distort the message regardless of the good intentions of the communicator
• Work done by communicators and journalists

  • Speech writing
  • Mins of the meeting
  • Advertising and marketing
  • Communication, education, electronic media, radio, television and broadcasting
  • Public relations; journalism, performing arts, dramatic arts
  • Negotiations
• Specializations of communicators and journalists

  • Copy writing, research
  • Professional blogging
  • Communication education
  • Forensic and debate coaching
  • News casting, writing, anchoring, editing and directioning
  • Film directing
  • Script writing
  • Fields of reporting
• Rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of communicators and journalists

  • Provide and guarantee against censorship and freedom of expression
  • Safeguarding the confidentiality of journalistic sources
  • Ensuring that information held by the government can be timely and easily accessed by the public
• The code of ethics contributes to the accuracy, fairness and reliability of the information that will benefit the general public as consumers of information
• National Union of Journalists (NUJ) code of ethics


  • Upholds and defends the principle of media freedom
  • Strives to ensure that information disseminated is honestly conveyed, accurate and fair
  • Corrects inaccuracies
  • Differentiates between fact and opinion
  • Obtains materials by honesty, straightforward and open means with the exception of investigation
  • Does nothing to intrude into anybody's private life, grief or distress unless justified by the consideration of public interest
  • Protects the identity of sources who provide information
  • Avoids plagiarism
  • No hatred or discrimination on the grounds of a person's age, gender, race, color, religion, legal status, disability, marital status and classism
• Clientele and audiences in communication

  • Individuals (one-on-one)
  • Groups and organizations (select the language/s usage)
  • Communities (relatable subjects to catch their attention)
• Communicating with individuals


  These barriers need to be professionally managed, one must have a way to overcome them to achieve effective communication
• Communicating with groups and organizations


  These audiences have communication needs that are specific to them
• Communicating with communities

  The message must be responsive to the need and the channel must be appropriate, and the subjects to be communicated must be relevant to the community