UCSP EXAM

• Social sciences


  The last to develop after the natural sciences in the development and progress of human knowledge
• Ancient Greek philosophers


  • Socrates
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
• Philosophy


  Distinct from Science, based on analytic understanding of the nature of truth asserted about specific topics or issues
• Science


  Based on empirical data, tested theories, and carefully contrived observations, seeks to discover the truth about specific causes of events and happenings in the natural world
• Scientific Revolution - historical changes in thought and belief, to changes in social and institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe


  1500-1700
• Key figures in the Scientific Revolution

  • Nicolaus Copernicus
  • Sir Isaac Newton
  • Sir Francis Bacon
  • Rene Descartes
• Gravity


  Mathematization of physics and medicine paved the way for the dominance of science and mathematics in describing and explaining the world and its nature
• Rene Descartes


  Father of modern philosophy, advocated the use of rigorous philosophical analysis to arrive at truths rather than basing on dogmas
• The Protestant movement led by Martin Luther eroded the power of the Roman Catholic Church and challenged the infallibility of the Pope, democratizing the interpretation of the Bible
• Enlightenment


  Largely a cultural movement, emphasizing rationalism as well as political and economic theories, built on the Scientific Revolution
• Tutelage


  Man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another
• Self-incurred tutelage


  When its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another
• Immanuel Kant


  Advocated the use of reasons in order to know the nature of the world and human beings, heralded the beginning of the Modern Period when he defined Enlightenment as the courage to know
• Louis Pasteur


  Discovered the germ theory and the development of vaccination, people relied more and more on medical knowledge to deal with diseases through divine intervention
• Francois Lyotard


  A French sociologist, points out that science triumphed because it provided reliable results
• Rationalization


  Social life is more and more subjected to calculation and prediction, which can only be achieved if human beings and society rely on regularities established by modern science
• Education is the single most important factor contributed to the triumph of science
• Merchants and capitalists supported universities and institutions of secular learning because they became the hub of training future scientists, technocrats, and technological innovators
• The dissolution of feudal social relations and the emergence of the factory system and unprecedented growth in urban centers attracted a lot of agricultural workers and mass of rural population to migrate to urban centers, creating the modern cities
• Ferdinand Tonnies


  A German sociologist, lamented the passing away of gemeinschaft or community because of urbanization
• Marco Polo's travels (1276-1291) to Magellan's circumnavigation of the world (1519-1522) introduced the Europeans to Asia and China, and inspired Columbus' journeys to America
• Harriet Martineau


  A British political economist and sociologist, social scientists shifted their attention to non-Western world as a model of the early stage of Western civilization
• The intensification of commerce and trade gradually replaced barter with the introduction of money and banking system, enabling people to deal with people in an impersonal manner
• George Simmel


  A German sociologist in the early 20th century, decried the growing depersonalization of life due to the introduction of money
• Sociology


  A branch of the social sciences that deals with the scientific study of human interactions, social groups and institutions, whole societies, and the human world as such
• Key figures in the development of sociology

  • Harriet Martineau
  • Auguste Comte
  • Karl Marx
  • Emile Durkheim
  • Max Weber
• Anthropology


  As a scientist discipline originated from social philosophy and travelogues of Western travelers, grew out of the encounters social scientists with the non-Western world
• Key figures in the development of anthropology

  • Franz Boas
  • Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski
  • Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
• Political science


  Part of the social sciences that deals with the study of politics, power, and government, the process of making collective decisions in a community, society, or group through the application of influence and power
• Walter Lippmann


  A newspaper commenter and respected world news columnist
• Social Sciences spread from the center to the peripheries of the world, and most of their observations, mainly from anthropology, were clothed in the cultural beliefs and attitudes of the fair European
• The denigration of indigenous knowledge cannot be separated from the oppression of indigenous peoples, and modernist science, anthropology in particular, has been deployed as a weapon against indigenous people
• In the Philippines, social sciences after World War II simply perpetuated colonial knowledge production from American social sciences
• Advocates for the indigenization of social sciences in the Philippines

  • Virgilio Enriquez
  • Zeus Salazar
  • Prospero Covar
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP)


  Psychology borne out of the experience, thought and orientation of Filipinos, based on the full use of the Filipino culture and language
• In the era of globalization, the strongest weapon against being swallowed in the vortex of homogenization of culture is to rely on its traditions and collective memories of its people, which empower them against being swallowed by the torrent of Western values
• Feminist anthropology


  Concerned with critically examining relations between women and men, and investigating how gender, embodiment and sexuality are produced through complex relays of power involving ideologies and social institutions
• Ethnographic methods


  • Pakikipagmasid (participant observation, literally feeling your way through), pakikilahok (participation), pagtatanong-tanong (informal interview), pakikipagkuwentuhan (informal conversation), and sama-samang talakayan (focus group discussion)
• In the era of globalization, the strongest weapon against being swallowed in the vortex of homogenization of culture is to rely on its traditions and collective memories of its people
• Such collective memories empower them against being swallowed by the torrent of Western values