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• three main periods

  • old english
  • middle english
  • modern english
• old english

  449-1100 - 5th century til end of 11th century

  anglo-saxon - old english is language of germanic inhabitants of england

  english nation - angles , saxons and jutes were the "founders of the english nation"
• middle english

  1100-1500

  french and latin - new french-spreaking ruling class, clergy wrote in latin

  william 1 - william of normandy conquered england in 1066
• modern english

  1500 - present

  william caxton - movable printing process introduced in england 1476

  modern english - english language since 1450-1500
• hellenic - ancient greek: modern greek

  italic - latin, italian, spanish, french, protugeese, romanian and provencal

  germanic - english, german, dutc, flemish, swedish, danish, norweigan, icelandic

  celtic- irish, gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton
• celts - original inhabitants of british isles
• dialect - variation of language
• case - choice of form depending on function of words in sentence
• standardization - "ideal" norm or model of usage
• mutually intelligible language - languages are distinct
• academic writing - academic essays, thesis, dissertation, library research

  professional writing - istructional materials, brochures, correspondence, reports
• academic - impersonal and formal. third person

  professional - personal. first and second person
• fisher and frey 2008 - locate, understand, evaluate and use information
• lapp and flood (1978) - skill
• david 2005 - interaction with text
• skimming - gist reading

  • most basic level
• scanning - find specific information
• intensive - retention, high degree comprehension, study
• extensive - pleasure, enjoyment
• narration - presenting action
• definition - explaining unfamiliar terms
• standard definition - meanings rarely change
• qualifying - subject for interpretation
• personal - assigned meaning of writer
• regulatory - organizations and changes based on how its used
• invented - newly coind words
• classification - combining objects into categories
• comparison and contrast - chunks and sequence
• cause and effect - why things happen
• language use - appropriate language

  • writers tone
• thesis statement - central idea
• characteristics of thesis statement

  1. Covers exactly the topic you want to talk about

  2. Lets your reader know what to expect.

  3. Usually appears in the introductory part.

  4. Helps you better organize and develop the contents of your paper
• 1. claim
  2. evidence
  3. significance
• precis/abstract - "exact" and "terse"

  • summarized version of output
• precis - not a paraphrased form

  • concise
  • summary
  • gist
  • objective interpretation
• -highlight key content areas, research purpose, relevance or importance of your work and the main outcomes

  -usually composed with a maximum of 250 words

  -indented and single spacedoutlines briefly all parts of the paper
• 5 sections of abstract

  • reason
  • problem
  • methodology
  • results
  • implication
• intro

  sop

  summary

  research question

  big idea

  general impact