Patho-module 4-genitourinary system.

• urinary system functions


  regulates fluid volume, blood pressure, metabolic waste and drug excretion, vitamin D conversion, pH regulation, and hormone synthesis.
• Structures of the urinary system include


  the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• Kidneys functions


  Eliminate wastes from the blood; help regulate body water concentration; help regulate blood pressure; help maintain a constant blood pH
• Ureters


  Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
• Urinary bladder


  Stores urine; contracts to eliminate stored urine
• Urethra


  Transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
• kidneys located


  positioned on either side of the vertebrae in retroperitoneal space
• renal capsule 


  surrounds each kidney.
• renal cortex;


  it contains the functional units of the kidney, the nephrons
• Renal Artery function


  Supplies each kidney with blood
• Nephrons function


  1-2 million microscopic filtering units for kidney
• Nephrons contain 


  Loop of Helen, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule each section responsible for excreting or reabsorbing specific substances
• Bowman capsule function


  -a double-membrane chamber which surround a cluster of capillaries of glomerulus

  -Mechanically filters the blood
• Afferent Arteriole 


  where blood enters the glomerulus
• Efferent 


  where blood exits glomerulus
• Blood supply to glomerular function 


  determines amount of urine made and necessary for healthy renal function
• glomerular filtration rate (GFR).


  approximately 125 mL/min,urine output is approximately 1,500 mL/day. is the best measure of renal functioning, can be calculated using a formula that incorporates serum creatinine levels, age, gender, and ethnicity.
• Nephrons of the kidney. (pic)


  Part of the nephron is located in the cortex, and part is located in the medulla. The electron micrograph to the left of the illustration is of a glomerulus from a human nephron (pic)

  
• Glomerulus


  Mechanically filters the blood
• Proximal convoluted tubule


  Reabsorbs 75% of the water, sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphate, glucose, bicarbonate, urea, and amino acids

  Secretes ammonia (includes hydrogen) and creatinine
• Loop of Henle (includes the thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb)


  Participates in countercurrent exchange, which maintains the concentration gradient

  Reabsorbs water, sodium, potassium, and chloride

  Allows urine to be concentrated
• Distal convoluted tubule


  Secretes hydrogen, potassium, ammonia, and certain drugs

  Reabsorbs sodium and chloride

  Relatively impermeable to water, except in the presence of the antidiuretic hormone
• Collecting ducts


  Reabsorb hydrogen, sodium, and water

  Secrete potassium and hydrogen
• The glomerulus of the kidneys (pic)


  The nephron carries out three processes: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. All three processes contribute to the filtering of the blood.

  
• Esophagus


  gastro-esophageal reflux disease [GERD]), hiatal hernia, and esophageal varices
• Disorders of the mouth and esophagus can cause


  Mastication, Swallowing, and Peristalsis
• Swallowing disorders could preclude other__ system disorders or indicative of other disorders such as__


  Digestive , stroke
• The first sign of a disorder of the GI tract is usually

  Abdominal pain
• Esophageal pain may indicate

  Heart burn, Angina
• gastritis, gastroenteritis, peptic ulcer disease

  Stomach
• ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, enterocolitis [caused by Clostridium difficile], appendicitis, diverticulosis, and motility disorders

  Bowel
• Specific disorder

  cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and malignancy, exocrine

  Gallbladder
• Specific disorder: pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

  Pancrease
• Specific disorder: multiple functions that affect the digestive process, endocrine functions, hematology, and excretion

  Liver
• disease is a condition occurring when pouches form toward the end of the large intestine.

  Diverticular disease
• Another word for large intestine is

  Colon
• Cecum, Ascending, transverse, Descending, Sigmoid, Rectum, Anal canal.

  7areas large intestine
• The 4 main layers of the colon is


  Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
• The blood vessels supplying blood to your colon are called

  Vasa Recta
• a low diet, constipation, and frequent straining with bowel movements.

  cause of

  Diverticulosis