NVEWRHRI

• Research Methodology


  Includes theoretical and philosophical assumptions upon which research is based and the implications of these for the method or methods adopted
• Research Paradigm/Philosophy of Research


  The entire constellation of values, techniques, and so on shared by members of a given community. This dictates the natures or types of research such as positivism, post positivism, and interpretivism
• Research Design


  Decides on how to collect further data, analyze and interpret them, and finally to provide an answer to the problem. Includes: (1) purpose of the study (2) type of investigation (3) extent of research interference (4) study setting (5) unit of analysis and (6) time horizon
• Research Techniques


  Techniques/approaches applied within the method to collect data. A single method could employ a number of techniques
• Research Instrument


  A device to collect data such as lab instrument, questionnaire, researcher, interview guide, and camera
• Theoretical Framework


  A study is based on an existing theory or theories. It helps in relating identified/specified variables. It represents context of studies which are based on theories – testing them or explaining them based on previous studies
• Conceptual Framework


  Developed by the researcher to solve a particular problem. Used more often with qualitative research while theoretical framework is often used with quantitative research
• Research Proposal


  A written presentation on the planned investigation of a research problem or issue which the thesis writer contemplates to undertake for his study
• Research/Thesis


  A scholarly report of an investigation – the product of which contributes to general knowledge. It has practical value and contributes to an area of specialization, and most importantly, a requirement for graduation
• Variable


  Anything in a research situation that varies and can be measured. It can be human characteristics, or it can be a characteristics of teaching methods or strategies
• Hypothesis

  A tentative statement about how two or more variables are related. In current practice, hypothesis stated as no relations among variables is otherwise known as null hypothesis
• Related Literature


  Discussion on the secondary sources of data taken from local and foreign references, observing proper documentation
• Related Studies


  Discussion on the primary sources of data taken from foreign and local research such as thesis and dissertations
• Data


  Information gathered during the research process. 'Raw' data is information which has not yet been analyzed
• Empirical Research


  Research based on first-hand gathering of data through interviews, questionnaires, ethnographies, participant observation, action research, and so on
• Ethnography


  The direct observation, description and analysis of the activities and behavior of members of a social group
• Informant


  Someone that participates in a research project, generally through interview. Also referred to as research participant
• Methods


  The tools used to gather research data, for instance a phone questionnaire, face to face interview, gathering census data
• Quantitative Research


  Research discovering facts about social experiences and trends where data is collected through measuring things and is analyzed through numerical comparisons and statistical inferences. Data is represented numerically as a percentage, a mean, an average etc.
• Qualitative Research


  Research that is not presented as representative but as offering people's reflections or perspectives on an issue or experience. It is traditionally conducted via interviews or observation. Data is analyzed by themes drawn from informants' descriptions
• Theory


  A substantiated (evidence based) explanation for the way something is as it is. The body of rules, ideas, principles, and techniques that applies to a particular subject
• Transcript


  The typed record of an interview obtained from audio or video recordings
• Sample

  A group of individuals selected by a researcher because they possess attributes of interest to the research project. A representative sample is one which is representative of a larger group
• Observation


  The systematic noting and recording of events, behaviors and objects in the social setting chosen for the study. The observational record is referred to as field notes, which are detailed, non-judgmental, concrete descriptions of what is being observed
• Technical Definition


  A kind of definition that explains or describes the details of a certain word to make the meaning completely clear, and the shorter way possible in the technical sense
• Parenthetical Definitions


  Words that quickly explain a term and are included within the same sentence as the word being defined. These informal definitions can be a synonym or a short phrase
• Sentence Definitions


  Provides additional information needed to make the definition clearer and understandable. Includes the word being defined, the class to which the word belongs, and the feature that distinguishes the term from other words
• Extended Definitions


  Use a paragraph or more to expand a word that may be difficult to comprehend. Starts with a sentence definition, then expands on the word by providing additional sentences about the function, location, physical traits, and causes and effects of the term
• Expanding Definition

  1. Compose formal sentence definition of the term

  2. Expand your formal definition by choosing one or combinations of the following ways of expanding definitions: Description, Process Narration, Evoking the senses, Historical Background/ Word Origin
• Distinguishing characteristics

  • Provide plenty of specific detail in the characteristic's component
  • Details help readers begin forming their own understanding of the term
  • Move on to supplementary information
• Expanding formal definitions

  1. Description

  2. Process narration

  3. Evoking the senses

  4. Historical background/word origin

  5. Cause/s

  6. Effects, results, or consequences

  7. Problems and solutions

  8. Uses and applications

  9. Similarities and differences or comparing and contrasting

  10. Classes, types, categories, kinds

  11. Examples

  12. Future developments or implications

  13. Anecdotes

  14. Advantages, disadvantages

  15. Further definition
• Short definitions for other terms should be added as well
• Definition


  Explains through clarification and further explanation what we are trying to say with one or a few short words
• Parts of a definition

  • First, it contains the class to which the word belongs
  • The second part is the distinguishing characteristics which make it different from any other object in the same class
• Observing correct grammar in writing definitions

  • Using relative pronouns as well as participial and prepositional phrases in stating the distinguishing characteristic of the term defined
  • Relative pronouns: that, which, who, when, where, wherein, whereby, by which
  • Phrases: Present participial, Past participial, Prepositional
• Shortening full definitions

  Remove the relative pronoun (which, that, who) and change the verb into its -ing or -ed (-en) form or remove which/that/who is
• Parts of a research paper

  • Chapter I: The problem and its background
  • Chapter II: Review of related literature
  • Chapter III: Methods and procedures
  • Chapter IV: Presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
  • Chapter V: Summary, conclusions and recommendations
• Chapter I: The problem and its background


  • Background of the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • Scope and limitations of the study
  • Definition of terms
• Chapter II: Review of related literature


  • Organize note cards
  • Write the chapter including surnames of authors and publication dates
  • Edit and rewrite
• Chapter III: Methods and procedures


  • Method of research
  • Subjects of the study
  • Description of research instrument
  • Statistical treatment applied