M5- DOSAGE FORMS

• Solid Dosage Forms

  • Powders
  • Granules
  • Tablets
  • Capsules
  • Modified release DFs
  • Pharmaceutical inserts
• Semisolid Dosage Forms

  • Ointment
  • Cream
  • Gel
  • Paste
  • Plaster
  • Poultice/ Cataplasms
  • Pledgets
  • Glycerogelatin
• Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

  • Monolithic
  • Membrane-controlled
• Liquid Dosage Forms

  • Solutions
  • Dispersed Systems
• Sterile Dosage Forms

  • Ophthalmic agents
  • Inhalational agents
  • Irrigations
• Aerosols

  • Formulation
  • Container & valve assembly
• Powders

  USP classification: sieve analysis
• Powder sizes

  • Very coarse (No. 8)
  • Coarse (No. 20)
  • Moderately coarse (No. 40)
  • Fine (No. 60)
  • Very fine (No. 80)
• Compounding of Powders

  1. Comminution

  2. Mixing
• Comminution

  • Trituration
  • Levigation
  • Pulverization by intervention
• Mixing

  • Trituration
  • Spatulation
  • Sifting
  • Geometric dilution
  • Tumbling
• Types of mortar and pestle

  • Glass
  • Porcelain
  • Wedgewood
• Types of Powders

  • Bulk powders
  • Divided powders/ chartulae
• Bulk powders

  • Oral powders
  • Dentifrices
  • Dusting powders
  • Douche powders
  • Insufflations
  • Triturations
• Type of powdered papers

  • Bond paper
  • Vegetable parchment
  • Glassine
  • Waxed
• Granules

  • Normal size: sieve no. 4-12
  • Size for tablet formulation: sieve no. 12-20
• Advantages of granules

  • Better flow
  • Less tendency to cake or harden
  • More stable to humidity
  • More easily wetted by liquids
• Effervescent Granules

  Components: Sodium bicarbonate, Citric acid (1 part), Tartaric acid (2 parts)
• Tablets for Oral Ingestion

  • Compressed tablets
  • Multiple compressed tablets
  • Coated tablets
• Multiple compressed tablets

  • Layered
  • Compression-coated
• Coated tablets

  • Sugarcoated
  • Film-coated tablets
  • Enteric-coated
• Tablets Used in the Oral Cavity

  • Chewable tablets
  • Rapidly/ orally disintegrating tablets
  • Buccal tablets
  • Sublingual tablets
  • Lozenges
• Lozenges

  • Troches - formed by compression
  • Pastille - formed by molding
  • Lollipops
• Tablets Used to Prepare Solutions

  • Effervescent tablets
  • Dispensing/ compounding tablets
  • Hypodermic tablets
  • Molded tablets/ tablet triturates
• Capsules

  Gelatin - product of partial hydrolysis: Type A (pork skin; acid hydrolysis), Type B (bovine bones; basic hydrolysis)
• Capsules

  • Hard Shell
  • Soft Shell
• Hard Shell Capsules


  Two-piece capsules
• Soft Shell Capsules


  One-piece capsules
• Hard Shell Capsule Composition


  Gelatin, sugar, water, colorants, opacifying agents, preservatives
• Soft Shell Capsule Composition


  Gelatin, plasticizers, preservatives
• Advantages of Oral Modified Release Dosage Forms

  • Economic savings
  • Avoid patient compliance problems
  • Reduce fluctuation on drug level
  • Minimize or eliminate side effects
• Extended Release (ER/ XR)

  • Controlled release - zero order kinetics
  • Sustained release - first order kinetics
• Delayed Release (DR)


  Ex. enteric-coated tablets
• Targeted Release (TR)


  • Type of delayed release
  • Ex. colonic tablets
• Repeat Action (RA)


  Ex. compression-coated tablets, layered tablets
• Types of Suppositories

  • Rectal
  • Vaginal (pessaries)
  • Urethral (bougies)
• Rectal Suppositories


  • Shape: Bullet, torpedo, little finger
  • Weight: A: 2 g, C: 1 g
  • Size: A: 32 mm, C: 16 mm
• Vaginal Suppositories


  • Shape: Spherical, globular, ovoid
  • Weight: 5 g
• Urethral Suppositories


  • Shape: Pencil-like, slender and pointed
  • Weight: M: 4 g, F: 2 g
  • Size: M: 140 mm, F: 70 mm
• Types of suppository bases

  • Oleaginous base
  • Water-soluble base