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Sports psychology
Attribution
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Created by
Ruby Tattersall
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Cards (33)
Learned helplessness
The belief/feeling that
failure
is
inevitable
, often experienced through
repeated failure
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Attribution retraining
Changing the performer's
perception
of the causes of
failure
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Attribution
Perceived
reasons athletes give for their
success
or
failure
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Attributions
can be an explanation of the cause for success or failure, and can apply to both
coach
and
performer
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Attributions
They are important because of the way they affect motivation and self-confidence, which in turn affects future performance
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Coaches use attribution theory
To understand performer's behaviour and motivation, identify reasons for performance, help performer improve, develop, maintain performance
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Weiner's Model dimensions
Locus of causality
(internal vs external)
Locus of stability
(stable vs unstable)
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Locus of causality
Internal (
within
performer's control) vs External (
beyond
control)
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Locus of stability
Stable
(permanent, consistent) vs
Unstable
(temporary, variable)
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Internal, stable factors
Ability
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External, unstable factors
Luck
, task
difficulty
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Internal, unstable factors
Effort
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If reason for winning is stable + internal (ability)
The individual is
motivated
to achieve again (NACH)
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If failure is attributed to stable factors (ability/task difficulty)
The individual is likely to not try again (
NAF
)
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Winning due to unstable + external (luck)
The
individual
is
demotivated
because the
win
may be
due
to
luck
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When failure is attributed to luck
The individual is more likely to try
again
, as there's a
good
chance the outcome will
change
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Implications of attributions
For athlete's
motivation
,
confidence
,
future
performance
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Winning during task difficulty
Can
motivate
and
increase confidence
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Winning due to ability
Would
motivate
and
increase confidence
, as
ability
will
stay
the
same
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Failing due to lack of effort
Could
motivate athlete
to then
succeed
and not be
disappointed
again
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Controllable factors
Effort
- can be
controlled
by
performer
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Uncontrollable factors
Ability
(innate), task difficulty (
external
, altered by
coach
),
luck
(dependent on situation)
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High achievers
Attribute
success
to
internal
factors, attribute
failure
to
external
factors
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Low achievers
Attribute success to
external factors
, attribute failure to internal factors
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High achievers
Have high motivation to achieve (NACH), set
challenging
,
competitive
goals, perform well in front of evaluative audience
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Low achievers
Have
low
motivation to achieve,
high
motivation to avoid failure (
NAF
), perform
poorly
in front of
evaluative
audience
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Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute the
behaviour
of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behaviour to external causes, to protect
self-esteem
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Learned helplessness
General
(belief of lack of ability in all sport) or
specific
(belief of lack of ability in a certain sport/situation)
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Learned helplessness
Causes a
strong
reaction to
failure
, leading to
giving up
, and decreases
confidence
and
self-esteem
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Attributional retraining
Changing the performer's
perception
of the causes of
failure
, to reverse
learned helplessness
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Attributional retraining
Focuses on
positive
attribution
rather than
negative
, shifts focus from
internal
to
external
factors where possible, makes reasons
less
personal
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Attributional retraining benefits
Increases
motivation
, enhances
self-confidence
, increases
resilience
, improves
performance
, reduces
competitive
state
anxiety
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Coaches' strategies for attributional retraining
Provide opportunities for
initial
success
Encourage athlete to
take accountability
Use
positive feedback
and
positive reinforcement
Attribute success to
internal
(ability), attribute
failure
to
external
(luck)
Explain
early
failure
Set
achievable
,
realistic
goals
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