Real

• Good planning - The success of attaining such a goal primarily depends on
• productive resources:

  • manpower
  • money
  • machine
  • material
  • method
• Planning - is thinking and looking ahead
• Good Planning - mistakes, wastes, and delays are eliminated or reduced to their barest minimum.
• Planning - translated into minimization of the costs of production.
• Plannin - the first function of management.
• Planning - Without it, the other functions are most likely not in order.
• planning - is vital in making management decisions.
• Wrong planning results in wrong decisions.
• Planning is the process of establishing objectives and appropriate courses of action before taking action according to Prof. James Stoner
• Planning - the basic process of choosing goals
• Planning - preparing now for tomorrow
• Planning - exists in all levels of the business organization.
• Types of Plans

  • Strategic Plan
  • Tactical Plan
  • Operating plan
• Strategic plan - is focused on the entire business operations.
• Tactical Plan - constitute a strategic plan.
• Operating plan - provides the specifics as to how the strategic plan will be attained.
• Strategic planning - prepares the business enterprise for its operations in the future.
• Strategic planning - predicts the external business environment
• Strategic planning - also implements the corporate mission.
• Tactical Plan - plan what to do, how to do it, and who will do it.
• Operating plan - Managers use accomplish their job responsibilities
• Main types of Operational plans

  • Single-use plan
  • Ongoing plan
• Single-use plan - Applicable to activities that do not repeat.
• Single-use plan - once the activity is finished, the plan is no longer needed
• Program - a set of activities towards an objective, like a special program for gifted children.
• Budget - provides funds indicating their sources, and their corresponding expenditures, such as budget for additional teachers
• Ongoing Plan - Use for continuing situations, problems and activities, which are similar and consistent.
• Policy - which is a guideline for making decisions
• Procedure - which are step-by-step instructions for performing an activity or task
• Rule - which is a specific plan for controlling human behavior at work.
• Principles of Planning

  • Planning must be realistic
  • Planning must be based on felt needs
  • Planning must be flexible
  • Planning must be democratic
  • Planning must start with simple projects
  • Planning must include social responsibility.
• Basic steps in planning

  • Establish objectives
  • Evaluate the environment
  • Determine the best alternative strategy.
  • Implement the action plan.
  • Evaluation of results
• Barriers to Successful Planning

  • Incompetence in planning.
  • Lack of dedication
  • Incomplete and inaccurate information
  • Short-sightedness
  • Dependence on the planning department
• Forecasts - provide the basic assumptions for planning.
• Quantitative Planning Tools - Numerical  data in which sufficient information is available to determine relationships between variables is used.
• PERT stands for program evaluation and review technique.
• PERT - It is used to schedule and control projects whose completion cannot be precisely determined.
• CPM means critical path method.
• CPM - It is used to schedule and control projects whose completion can be precisely predicted.