Respiratory System (1)

Cards (47)

  • Internal respiration

    Gas exchange between blood and tissues, in tissues
  • External respiration

    Gas exchange between air and blood, in lungs
  • Inspiration
    1. Air in: diaphragm contracts, pulling muscles down, intercostal muscles contract
    2. Elevating chest wall & expanding volume of chest
    3. Lower pressure in lungs
  • Expiration
    1. Air out: muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower
    2. Increase pressure in chest
  • True vocal chords

    Produce sound
  • False vocal chords
    Do not produce sound (not speaking, but snoring)
  • Thyroid cartilage
    Tough, flexible tissue that forms the front part of the larynx (voice box)
  • Bronchi
    Trachea branches into two airways - left & right bronchi
  • Bronchioles
    Marked by absence of cartilage
  • Alveoli
    Where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide during process of in & out
  • Bicarbonate
    Most of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood is in the form of
  • Tidal volume
    Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
    The amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
    The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume
  • Residual volume
    The amount of air remaining in the lungs, even after forceful maximal expiration
  • Vital capacity
    The maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation
  • Partial pressure
    How things move from high to low pressure to reach equilibrium
  • Pharynx
    In upper respiratory system; both food and air passes through
  • Deprived blood
    Becomes oxygenated
  • Functions of the upper respiratory tract
    1. Filters
    2. Warms
    3. Humidifies the air
  • Bronchiole tree

    • Extension of the bronchi
    • Marked by absence of cartilage
    • Primary purpose is to transport air into the lungs where oxygen exchange occurs
  • Bronchi
    Two airways entering the lung cavity
  • Distinction between upper and lower respiratory tract
    • Upper: Nose and pharynx
    • Lower: Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
  • Upper respiratory tract function
    Filters, warms, humidifies air
  • Lower respiratory tract function

    Responsible for gas exchange, carry air into lungs
  • Role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inspiration and expiration
    1. Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall, expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in lungs, pulling in air
    2. Expiration: Muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of air
  • Respiratory disorders
    • Infections: Pneumonia, tuberculosis
    • Impairment of airflow: Asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, botulism
  • Pleura
    Exterior membrane lining the lungs, attaches to the chest wall
  • Visceral membrane

    Interior membrane lining the lungs, covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, bronchi
  • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration
    1. Oxygen diffuses from higher to lower concentration
    2. Carbon dioxide diffuses from higher to lower concentration
    3. Partial pressures drive the diffusion
  • Oxygen transport in blood
    Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
  • Carbon dioxide transport in blood
    Dissolved in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of bicarbonate
  • Regulation of breathing by the nervous system

    1. Respiratory center in medulla oblongata sets basic breathing pattern
    2. Chemical receptors monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, and oxygen levels
    3. Conscious control in higher brain centers allows modification of breathing
  • Oxygen hooks to hemoglobin
  • Carbon dioxide in blood diffuses into lungs to be exhaled
  • Sinusitis
    Inflammation or swelling of tissues in your sinuses
  • Throat Cancer: Develops in the larynx or pharynx

  • Bronchitis
    • Acute or chronic bronchitis specifically targets the bronchi
    • The bronchi are prominent air passages responsible for air transport within the lungs
    • Bronchitis inflames the lung passageways and bronchi
  • Emphysema
    • A disorder that affects the lungs' alveoli (tiny air sacs)
    • It becomes abnormally inflated, damaging the walls and making breathing hard
  • Lung Cancer
    Irregular cell division in the body where cells begin to grow out of control