12- further processes and techniques

• User-centred design is a process of designing that aims to improve users experience of using products
• User centred design uses frame work process, problem solving, user needs, wants and values, limiatations of end user consideration
• Framework process and problem solving

  ISO 13407- takes full account of users, task performed and the relevant environment, result from an iterative problem solving design process
• Inclusive design is designing products for ease of use by consumers with the maximum possible range of abilities without the need for adaptions
• Empathic design is simulation of conditions limiting the ability of potential users in order to facilitate the development of more successful and inclusive products
• Circular economy is environmentally friendly manufacturing, recycling of high-quality materials
• Circular economy uses cradle to cradle approach rather than linear cradle to grave approach
• Circular economy: biological nutrients organic non-toxic materials that can be simply composted and can safely re-enter ecosystems without harming the natural environment for example, products made from wood that can naturally degrade to provide compost
• Systems thinking is a coherent approach to interactions and connections between elements of a system
• Systems thinking involved concentrating on the effects of interactions and connections between elements of a system rather than just analysing the component parts
• Systems thinking involves flow diagrams and feedback loops in order to analyse the relationships between various elements.

  Requires designers to look at the 'big picture' of the service provided by products. It highlights the importance of UCD
• Systems thinking should make reference to whole system such as customers experience of buying, owning, maintaining and disposing of a product as well as how it was designed and manufactured
• Critical path analysis

  analysis of the stages in a project to ensure time-efficient completion
• Advantages of critical path analysis:

  unnecessary waiting times can be identified, parallel processing opportunities can then be exploited for maximum efficiency, resource planning efficiency is improved
• Disadvantages of critical path analysis

  can be very difficult or impossible to accurately represent highly complex activities, external factors may change and require management intervention, it relies on accurate estimates of activity duration
• Scrum is a strategy that makes use of workforce teams using iterative design methods to respond quickly to issues in product design and manufacture
• Main focus on scrum is working in multi-skilled team to reach defined goals in short timescales, team goals are specified and individuals feed back progress at daily update meetings
• Advantages of scrum

  time and money are used effectively, highly compatible with fast moving projects, reviews ensure that any developments are fully tested
• Disadvantages of scrum

  lack of a definitive end date can cause problems, can be difficult to adopt scrum with large teams, success is reliant on the full co-operation and commitment of team members
• Six sigma system aims to improve the output quality of a process by identifying and removing the causes of defects and setting value targets such as reduce process cycle time, reduce pollution, reduce costs, increase customer satisfaction, increase profits
• six sigma advantages

  make direct impact on profitability by improving quality, customer satisfaction is increased, it is proactive so it prevents losses from occurring rather than dealing with them when they do
• Six sigma disadvantages

  some manufacturing costs can increase due to implementing its processes, time has to be spent dealing with large amounts of data that are generated, it is often too expensive for small companies to implement as they need to obtain certified staff training
• Introduction stage is when a product first enters the market
• Growth stage is the development stage of a product becoming more popular
• Maturity stage is the stage where sales of a product are at their greatest
• Decline is when a product becomes less popular and is eventually no longer viable to sell