Endocrine System: Hypreinsulinism

• Endocrine system consists of the tissues

  (mainly glands) that create and release

  hormones.
• Hormones act as chemical messengers that are released into the blood stream to act on an organ in another part of the body.

  These control or regulate many biological processes and are often produced in exceptionally low amounts w/in the body
• the main function of the pancreas is to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. it is a large gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and glucagon
• this occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not use insulin properly (insulin resistance)? 


  Diabetes
• insulin is produced by beta cells regulated based on blood sugar levels and other hormones in the body.
• Insulin allows the cells in the muscles, fat

  and liver to absorb glucose that is in the

  blood. The glucose serves as energy to

  these cells, or it can be converted into fat

  when needed.
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis is when the liver breaks down fat for fuel, a proces sthat produces acids called ketones
• Glucagon is a hormone that works with other hormones and bodily funtions to control glucose levels in the blood. It comes from alpha cells, found in the pancreas, making it a crucial component that keeps the body's blood glucose levels stable.
• Glucagon - keeps glucose from dropping too low

  Insulin - keeps blood glucose from rising too high
• When blood glucose levels fall too low, the pancreas pumps out more glucagon, helping blood glucose to rise back up.

  1. Causes the liver to convert stored glucose into usable form then release it to bloodstream - Glycogenolysis
  2. Glucagon stops liver from taking in and storing glucose
  3. Glucagon helps the body make glucose from other sources such as from amino acids
• Hyperinsulinism happens when there is a higher amount of insulin in the blood than what is considered normal
• Hypreinsulinism results from insulin resistance, which happens when cells in the muscles, fat, and liver dont respond asa they should to insulin.

  This increases insulin production (hyperinsulinemia) so that your body can maintain healthy blood sugar levels.
• High blood sugars are common symptom of diabetes.

  When patients inject too much insulin, it causes hyperinsulinism, making the body's cells take too much glucose from the blood, leading to a low blood sugar episode. this can cause confusion, dizziness, and fainting.
• nerve cells rely entirely on glucose for energy. Low blood sugar can trigger nervous system response.
• The brain is the most energy-demanding organ, using one-half of all the sugar energy in the body.
• Although many cells use fat for energy, the

  brain, nerve cells, and developing red

  blood cells can not. The body cannot

  convert fat into glucose to a significant

  degree.
• If there isn't enough glucose in the brain, for example, neurotransmitters, the brain's chemical messengers, are not produced and communication between neurons breaks down

  If there isn't enough glucose in the brain, for example, neurotransmitters, the brain's chemical messengers, are not produced and communication between neurons breaks down