Biology 🧬

• explain the importance of the non-coding section of DNA in protein synthesis.

  the RNA polymerase binds to the non-coding section of DNA at the start if transcription
• if a mutation occurs in the non-coding section of DNA it could affect the ability of the RNA polymerase to bind to it. It might make it easier to bind to or more difficult.
• How well RNA polymerase can bund to this area of DNA will affect how much mRNA is made in transcription and therefore the quantity of protein produced. This could affect the phenotype of the organism.
• A mutation in the coding section of DNA can give rise to a genetic variant - a different version of a gene.
• The sequence of bases in the coding region determines the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain that makes up the protein.
• If there are changes in the base sequence, then the amino acids in the polypeptide chain may be changed which would change the shape of the protein and its function.
• If there are changes in the base sequence, then the amino acids may be changed which would change the shape of the protein. If the shape of the protein is altered, its function may also be affected.
• if the protein was an enzyme the shape of the active site may change so the substrate may not fit in so fewer or no enzyme substrate complexes will be formed. Therefore the enzyme‘s activity is reduced or may stop altogether.
• transcription happens in the nucleus
• RNA polymerase attaches to the non coding section of DNA
• RNA polymerase breaks down the hydrogen bonds between the bases in DNA
• RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides together to form a single strand called mRNA
• Scientists shared data by collaborating - why?

  • it’s a lot quicker
  • it saves costs
• How the HGP could hep humans

  • Can identify if you have the allele for a genetic disease
  • can identify the risks of developing genetic diseases
  • Allows a person to change their lifestyle to reduce their risks
  • Doctors can prescribe personalised/tailor made medicine just for you depending on the genes you have
• in continuous variation there is a range of values. when you plot results you end up with a normal distribution curve
• in discontinuous variation there a just a few clear groups. there are no intermediates. when you plot the results you would end up with a bar graph
• growth in animals:

  • differentiation
  • cell division (mitosis)
• growth in plants:

  • differentiation
  • elongation
  • cell division (mitosis)
• In the cell, where are proteins synthesised?

  ribosome
• What is used to describe a small section of a DNA molecule that controls the synthesis of a protein?

  allele
• what is part B

  phosphate

  
• What is a section of DNA which codes for one specific protein called?

  a gene