Psych 361 Study Guide

• Reciprocal socialization


  The bidirectional process by which children socialize with parents just as parents socialize with them
• Parenting stylesDemocratic

  • Authoritarian
  • Authoritative
  • Neglectful
  • Indulgent
• Authoritarian parenting


  Restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to respect their work and effort. Firm limits and controls are placed on the child, and little verbal exchange is allowed. Associated with children's social incompetence, including a lack of initiative and weak communication skills.
• Authoritative parenting


  Style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child. Associated with children's social competence, achievement orientation, and self-reliance.
• Neglectful parenting


  Style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life. Associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control and poor self-esteem.
• Indulgent parenting


  Style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control and a lack of respect for others.
• First-born children


  • More responsible and success-oriented, but more anxious and have fewer friends because they are pressured by their parents
• Later born children


  • Open to new ideas, creative, less anxious, and have more friends
• The environment of later born children may select for more openness to new ideas than the environment of first-born children
• Gottman's predictors of divorce(the four horseman):

  • Global Criticism
  • Defensiveness
  • Look of contempt
  • Stonewalling
• The rate is for every 3 negative comments you make, you should make 15 positive comments
• Drinking by either spouse is a primary contributor to divorce
• Higher-SES home atmosphere


  Children are nearly equal participants and rules are discussed as opposed to being laid down in an authoritarian manner
• Lower-SES home atmosphere


  Parents have authority over children
• Lower-SES parents


  More concerned that their children conform to society's expectations
• Higher-SES parents


  More concerned with developing children's initiative and delay of gratification
• Authoritarian parenting


  Dictator, doesn't give people freedom
• Authoritative parenting


  More democratic, believe in reason instead of authority about rules set for children
• Peer statuses

  • Popular
  • Average
  • Neglected
  • Rejected
  • Controversial
• Characteristics of popular children


  • Give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited
• Interventions to improve social functioning and popularity for shy children


  Rejected children may be shown how to accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are hostile. They can be asked to engage in role playing or to discuss hypothetical situations involving negative encounters with peers, such as times when a peer cuts into a line ahead of them. In some programs, children are shown examples of appropriate peer interaction and asked to draw lessons from what they have seen.
• Aggressive and nonaggressive children


  Differ in how they perceive social cues, interpret intentions, and evaluate their own self-worth
• Types of play

  • Sensorimotor
  • Practice
  • Pretense/symbolic
  • Social
  • Constructive
• Pseudo-maturity


  Cool kids gain popularity in part through "pseudo mature" behavior such as making out, choosing friends based on physical appearance, and minor delinquency such as sneaking into movies without paying, and small thefts
• Constructivist approach to early childhood education


  Learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
• Montessori approach


  Philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities
• Reggio Emilia approach


  Educational program for young children that encourages them to learn by investigating and exploring topics that interest them. Children of single parents and children with disabilities have priority in admission.
• Goal of Reggio Emilia and Montessori approaches


  Image of children who are competent and have rights, especially the right to outstanding care and education. Montessori approach encourages independent problem solving and effective time management by giving children freedom to make their own decisions from an early age.
• Direct Instruction


  Structured, teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students' progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum
• Direct Instruction is recommended when teaching students with a reading or writing disability
• The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no TV for children under age 2 because it likely reduces direct interactions with parents
• Reasons TV viewing is negatively associated with children's school achievement


  Interference (TV can distract from homework), Displacement (TV can take time away from achievement-related tasks), Self-defeating tastes and preferences (TV attracts children to entertainment over school work)
• Screen time is associated with poorer academic and social development that reduces interpersonal interactions
• There is a higher risk of depression and suicide for adolescents who use social media, especially for girls
• What predictor of divorce identified by Gottman was criticism that is not confined to actions but to a person's character?

  Global criticism.
• What predictor of divorce identified by Gottman is attacking against criticism and not listening to criticism?

  Defensiveness.
• What predictor of divorce identified by Gottman is a signal irritation/rejection?

  Look of contempt.
• What predictor of divorce identified by Gottman is losing emotional contact (85% male)?

  Stonewalling.
• Popular children are frequently nominated as best friends and are rarely disliked by their peers.
• Average children receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.