PE-Chp1

• The bones work with muscles to allow for movements
• Types of bones


  • Short - enable fine movements - carpals/ tarpals
  • Long - enable gross movements - femur/ humerus
  • Flat - offer protection - cranium/ sternum/ ribs
• Synovial joints


  Fluid filled spaces between the smooth cartlidge pads at the end of the bones
• Synovial joint


  • Surrounding the joint is a tough capsule lined with a synovial membrane
  • The Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joint to reduce friction and wear on the bones
  • The outer layer of the capsule also contain ligaments which support the joint preventing dislocations
• In boxing, the cranium protects the brain from the impact of being punched
• The muscular system supports the skeletal system to move, muscles contract and relax to move
• Joint


  Where two or more bones meet. The most common type of joint is the synovial joint
• Joints


  • Knee
  • Hips
  • Elbow
• Knee joint


  Femur, Tibia - Running, walking, swimming, squat
• Hip joint


  Femur, Pelvis - Dancing, walking, running, saving
• Elbow joint


  Humerus, Radius, Ulna - Flexion, extension, upward rotation
• Cartilage


  • Thin layer covering the surfaces that directly contact each other, minimises friction and absorbs shock
• Joint capsule


  • Stabilizes the joint, protects the joint by limiting range of movement and distributes the biochemical load on the joint, prevents wear and tear
• Synovial membrane


  • Protects the joint, releases Synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid


  Lubricates the joint so it moves freely
• Bursae


  Fluid sacs which help to prevent friction in the joint
• Ligaments


  Connect bone to bone and help keep the joint together, stabilise joints and prevent dislocation
• Tendons


  Allow a muscle to pull on a bone to move it
• Major bones in the arm

  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
• Articulating bones of different joints

  • Knee - Femur, Tibia
  • Ankle - Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals
  • Shoulder - Humerus, Scapula
  • Hip - Pelvis, Femur
  • Elbow - Ulna, Radius, Humerus
• Hinge joint


  Allows flexion and extension movements
• Ball and socket joint


  Allows a wide range of movements including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation
• Joint movements


  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Dorsiflexion
• Agonist and antagonist muscles for joint movements

  • Knee flexion - Hamstring, Quadricep
  • Knee extension - Hamstring, Quadricep
  • Shoulder abduction - Deltoid, Latissimus dorsi
  • Elbow flexion - Bicep, Tricep
  • Elbow extension - Bicep, Tricep
• Agonist


  Muscle that is contracting to cause the movement
• Antagonist


  Muscle that is relaxing to allow the movement
• Muscle actions


  • Concentric - muscle contracts and shortens
  • Eccentric - muscle contracts but lengthens
  • Isometric - muscle stays the same length with no movement
• Muscles pull by contracting - they cannot move to produce the opposite movement
• Isometric


  Muscle remains the same length under tension
• Isometric


  • Plank.
  • Iron cross
• Concentric


  Muscle shortens under tension
• Concentric


  • Quadriceps during a squat upward phase
• Eccentric


  Muscle lengthens under tension
• Eccentric


  • Bicep during a bicep curl downward phase
  • Quadriceps during a squat downward phase