Hooliganism

• Violence definition

  Intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual/group and cause injury
• Hooliganism definition

  Acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths
• Football Hooliganism definition

  Unruly, violent and destructive behaviour by overly jealous supporters of association football clubs
• Why performers are violent

  • Win at all costs mentality
  • High financial rewards at stake
  • Retaliation against opponent/crowd
  • Frustration with officiating
  • Importance of event
  • Nature of the game - violence part of the game e.g. ice hockey
  • Lack of effective deterrants/punishments
• Cause of violence between players

  • Most violence occurs between players
  • Innate
  • Frustration
  • Loss of identity - crowd follower
  • Social learning - imitating others
• WINNER

  • Win ethic + high rewards for success
  • Importance of the event
  • Nature of the sport
  • National governing bodies are to lenient with their punishment
  • Excitement/over-arousal
  • Refereeing decisions leads to frustration
• Dealing with violent players

  • Follow rules + code of conduct
  • Anxiety control techniques
  • Positive role models
  • Avoid personal situations that lead to violence
• Dealing with violent players, NGB's

  • Fair play awards
  • Sports law in line with common laws
  • Video evidence / put on report
  • Non-violent role models
  • Experienced officials
• Dealing with violent players, Coaches

  • Good examples/culture
  • Codes of conduct
  • Punishment
  • Anxiety control techniques
  • Avoid "Win at all costs" mentality
  • Substitute / change tactics
  • Train officials in diffusing situations
• Spectator violence

  • Nature of sport
  • Racism
  • Referee decisions
  • Low security levels
  • Adrenalin rush
  • Derby game / local rivalry
  • Alcohol/drugs
  • Media hype
  • Loss of identity
  • Gang culture/group identity
  • Display of masculinity
• Effects of violence on everyone

  • Violence brings a sport in to disrepute
  • Damages ability to encourage children, young people + families to participate
  • Parents will not allow their children to be involved in a sport where well-being is at risk
  • Similar reaction is going to happen if poor behaviour occurs at local matches
• Negative effects of hooliganism

  • Poor treatment of legitimate fans
  • fans "herded" through streets
  • fans supporting certain teams are treated with suspicion + distrust
  • fans of particular teams are banned from certain matches
• Negative implications of hooliganism

  • Negative sport image, decrease participation
  • decrease in live spectators
  • Supporters are banned from travelling/attending matches
  • All supporters are treated as hooligans due to police suspicions + frequent violence
  • teams banned from competing or they may lose points/ be fined
  • sponsors are withdrawn due to negative publicity
  • additional costs to police events/provide more stewards = financial pressure
• Stopping Hooliganism

  • Earlier kick off times
  • ban tickets touts
  • restricted hours for pubs near stadia
  • all seater stadia
  • prosecute racist acts
  • enforce trespass laws
  • increase police + cctv-face recognition software
  • confiscate passports
  • ban known hooliganisms from ground
  • police share information
  • control alcohol intake