semi finals

• Hygiene care

  Cleaning and grooming activities that maintain personal body cleanliness and appearance
• Skin hygiene care

  • Complete bed bath
  • Self-help (assisted) bed bath
  • Partial bath
  • Towel bath
  • Tub bath
• Avoid home remedies for eye problems. Eye irritations or injuries at any age should be treated medically and immediately.
• If dirt or dust gets into the eyes, clean them copiously with clean, tepid water as an emergency treatment.
• Take measures to guard against eyestrain and to protect vision, such as maintaining adequate lighting for reading and obtaining shatterproof lenses for glasses.
• Schedule regular eye examinations, particularly after age 40, to detect problems such as cataracts and glaucoma.
• Patient safety

  The absence of preventable harm to a patient during the process of health care
• Basic needs


  • Oxygen
  • Nutrition
  • Temperature
• Physical hazards

  • Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA)
  • Poison
  • Falls
  • Fires
  • Disasters
• Factors influencing patient safety

  • Risks at developmental stages
  • Individual risk factors
  • Risks in the health care agency
• Risks at developmental stages - Infant, Toddler, and Preschooler

  • Poisoning
  • Choking
  • Incidence with fires
  • Drowning
• Teach Parents on Child-Proofing
• Risks at developmental stages - School-Age Child

  • Injuries
• Teach safe practices to parents & children
• Risks at developmental stages - Adolescent

  • Extreme sports/activities
  • Suicide precaution
  • STIs
  • Unplanned pregnancy
• Look for environment and psychosocial cues
• Risks at developmental stages - Adult

  • Stress
  • Nutrition
  • Smoking
  • Use of alcohol/substance abuse
  • Use of firearms
• Risks at developmental stages - Older Adult

  • Falls
  • Automobile accidents
  • Burns or fires
• Individual risk factors

  • Lifestyle
  • Impaired mobility
  • Emotional hazards
  • Sensory or communication impairment
  • Delirium, dementia, and depression
  • Lack of safety awareness
• Assessment and communication about patient risks, information access, signage, the environment, teamwork, and involving the patient and family
• Home inspection
• Risks in the health care agency

  • Patient-inherent accidents
  • Procedure-related accidents
  • Equipment-related accidents
  • Food handling and preparation
• Acute care: Falls


  • Identification and orientation of risk patients
  • Institution of fall prevention protocols
  • Gait belt as needed
  • Remove excess furniture
  • Rubber-soled shoes and slippers
  • Safety bars
  • Call lights
• Acute care: Restraints


  • A temporary means to maintain patient safety
  • Either chemical or physical (immobilizes or reduces ability of the patient to move)
  • Always consider and implement alternatives to restraints first
  • Choose least restrictive restraint
  • Restraint order and renewal
• Acute care: Side rails

  • Common type of physical restraint
  • Re-orient confused patients and identify the cause
  • Check conditions of the side rails
  • Lower height of bed
  • Nonskid mat
• Acute care: Fires

  Use the mnemonic RACE to set priorities in case of fire: Rescue, Activate, Confine, Extinguish
• Immediately evacuate all patients in the immediate area to safety
• Roll on the ground
• Acute care: Electric hazards

  Check for safety inspection sticker with an expiration date
• Acute care: Seizures


  • Protect the patient from traumatic injury
  • Position for adequate ventilation and drainage of oral secretions
  • Provide privacy and support following the seizure
  • Document (time, duration, type, LOC, pupil reaction, etc)
• If the patient has a history of seizures, the Registered Nurse will review the patient's seizure history, the type of seizure (e.g., tonic, clonic, absence, simple or complex), name, dose, and schedule of anticonvulsant medication. If the patient is in bed, pad the side-rails with pillows
• Safety precautions related to seizure patients

  • Pad bed rails (agency policy)
  • Environmental safety (clear out the floor)
  • Use your body to assist patient on the floor
  • Do not force objects into mouth
  • Do not restrain movements unless it is placing him in danger
  • Stay with person until seizure ends
  • Turn head to left side IF possible
  • With status epilepticus, seizures continue and emergency intervention is required
• Tell the client to take any routine antiseizure medication prior to the EEG
• Safety precautions related to seizure patients

  • Pad bed rails (agency policy)
  • Environmental safety (clear out the floor)
  • Use your body to assist patient on the floor
  • Do not force objects into mouth. The period of apnea that accompanies jaw clenching lasts only a minute or two, therefore, forceful methods are unnecessary
  • Do not restrain movements unless it is placing him in danger
  • Stay with person until seizure ends
  • Turn head to left side IF possible
• Most seizures are self-limiting. Once the brain's oxygen supply reaches a critically depleted level, the patient's muscles begin to relax
• With status epilepticus, seizures continue and emergency intervention is required
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)

  A procedure to help diagnose a seizure disorder
• Preprocedure teaching for EEG

  • Tell the client to take any routine antiseizure medication prior to the EEG
  • Tell the client not to eat anything for eight (8) hours prior to the procedure
  • Instruct the client to stay awake for 24 hours prior to the EEG
  • Explain to the client that there will be some discomfort during the procedure
• Acute care: Radiation

  • Limit the time spent near the source
  • Make the distance from the source as great as possible
  • Use shielding devices such as lead aprons
• Activity and Exercise

  • Proper balance, posture, and body alignment reduce the risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system and facilitate body movements
  • Muscle strain
  • Excessive use of muscle energy