Human Geography Unit 1-7

• cartogram- a map that distorts land area to show changes in value
• choropleth map: a map that uses different shades or colors to show the variation of the values.
• Dot map: a map that uses dot to show different value
• graduated symbol: a map that uses a symbol to represent a certain value.
• Idoline map: a map with lines drawn to link different places that share a common value.
• sustainability: focuses on providing not only for society today, but also to the futere generation.
• natural resources: human societies use the Earth resources.
• land-use: human societies determine how they use land in terms of the purpose (commercial, residential, etc.) along with level of use (intensive or extensive).
• environmental determinism: the environment determines characteristics of human society and even the success or failure of the society.
• possibilism: with people anything is possible. Human societies are influenced by their natural environment, but not controlled by it.
• possibilism is more important today: technology helps show that human societies can significantly alter the natural environment
• formal (uniform) region: grouped by common environmental, social, political, and economic attribute, religion, ethnicity, language, climate, political boundaries.
• functional (nodal) region: grouped around a central point or node, economic activities or points (city hall), world citers, transportation.
• vernacular (perceptual) region: no perfect definition, grouped by feelings or attitudes towards the area of land, shared history, or interest.
• population density: the pressure a population exerts on the land.
• arithmetic density: number of people living in a given unit of land that is not arable. total population divided by total land area.
• physiological density: number of people er unit of arable land that is used for agriculture. total population divided by total arable land.
• agriculture density: number of farmers per unit of arable land that is used for agriculture. total farmers divided by total arable land.
• population pyramid: a bar graph that shows the composition (primarily gender and age) of a population layout. shows gender, age groups, percentage of the population.
• life expectancy: how long a person is supposed to live.
• sex ratio: number of males vs number of females in a population at birth.
• replacement rate: TFR 2.1 the number of children each female is expected to have in her lifetime to maintain the same population.
• dependency ratio: the number of people above 65 and below 15 years old that aren't working.
• rate of natural increase (RNI): the crude birth rate subtracted by crude death rate that doesn't factor migration. high RNI means rapid growth in population. negative RNI means that the population is declining. shows development because typically core countries have lower RNI and periphery countries have higher RNI.
• doubling time: estimated number of years that a population is expected to take in order for it to double the population in currently has. formula is 70 divided by RNI. lower RNI means it takes longer years for the number of years that it takes for the population to double.
• cultural and social factors on RNI: have high CBR due to some religion banning use of contraceptives and norms in society to marry young with lots of kids.
• political factors on RNI: government enacted population policies try to control population growth and decline (anti-natalist and pro-natalist).
• economic factors on RNI: when the economy is undergoing hard tine the CBR falls. high healthcare access led to a lower CDR and better prenatal care lowers IMR.
• environmental factors on RNI: natural disasters displace people when homes are destroyed. disease and famine cause high CDR, low CBR due to low access to healthcare, migration away from hardship.
• crude birth rate (CBR): total number of live births in a year for every 1 thousand people living in the region.
• crude death rate (CDR): total number of deaths in a year for every 1 thousand people living in the region.
• rate of natural increase (RNI): annual rate of population growth, can be found by subtracting CBR by the CDR without taking into account any migration.
• total fertility rate (TFR) - average number of children a woman gives birth in a lifetime for a given population.
• infant mortality rate (IMR): the percentage of children under the age of one that die within a specific region.
• net migration: the difference between immigration and emigrations.
• anti-natalist policies: when a country birth rate and TFR is high, so people are discouraging from having children.
• pro-natalist policies: when a country has low birth rate and fertility rates, so people are encouraged to have children.
• immigration policies: government policies that determine if people can migrate into their country or not a country. a country may encourage immigration to help balance out a negative RNI.
• dependency ratio: number of people in the population age group (under 15 years/or older than 65 years) divided by number of people between 15 and 65 years (working class)
• aging population: number of elder people present in a country.