VITAMINS AND MINERALS

• How many vitamins are there?

  13 vitamins
• How many minerals are needed by the body?

  22 minerals
• What are the two types of vitamins?

  Water-soluble and fat-soluble
• What are vitamins required for?

  They are required for the body to function
• How are vitamins classified?

  As fat-soluble or water-soluble
• What are the key aspects to review for vitamins?

  • Chemical nature
  • Function
  • Consequences of deficiency
  • Sources
  • Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
• Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

  Vitamins A, D, E, and K
• Where is excess fat-soluble vitamin stored?

  In the liver and body fat
• What can happen with excess fat-soluble vitamins?

  They can build up to a toxic level
• What is the function of Vitamin A?

  Precursor for retinal and retinoic acid
• What are the effects of Vitamin A deficiency?

  Night blindness and keratinization of epithelial cells
• What are the oral manifestations of Vitamin A deficiency?

  Hyperplasia of the gingiva, gingivitis, periodontitis
• What are the sources of Vitamin A?

  Vegetables and fish liver oil
• What is the RDA for Vitamin A?

  1000 retinol equivalents
• What foods are rich in Vitamin A?

  Liver, eggs, orange/yellow fruits
• What is the function of Vitamin D?

  Regulates calcium levels in the body
• What is required for Vitamin D3 to become active?

  Conversion to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
• What are the effects of Vitamin D deficiency?

  Rickets and osteomalacia
• What are the oral manifestations of Vitamin D deficiency?

  Incomplete mineralization of teeth
• What are the sources of Vitamin D?

  UV irradiation, fish liver oils, milk
• What is the RDA for Vitamin D?

  600 international units
• What is the function of Vitamin E?

  Acts as a lipid-soluble antioxidant
• What are the effects of Vitamin E deficiency?

  Lysis of erythrocytes
• What are the sources of Vitamin E?

  Vegetables and wheat germ oil
• What is the RDA for Vitamin E?

  15 international units
• What is the function of Vitamin K?

  Coenzyme for blood clotting factors
• What are the effects of Vitamin K deficiency?

  Prolonged blood clotting times
• What are the oral manifestations of Vitamin K deficiency?

  Gingival bleeding
• What are the sources of Vitamin K?

  Produced by intestinal bacteria
• What is the RDA for Vitamin K?

  No established RDA, 70-140 µg may be appropriate
• What are the eight B vitamins?

  Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin
• What is the function of Thiamine?

  Co-factor for oxidative decarboxylation
• What are the effects of Thiamine deficiency?

  Beri-beri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
• What are the oral manifestations of Thiamine deficiency?

  Satinlike appearance of tongue
• What are the sources of Thiamine?

  Beans, nuts, fruits
• What is the RDA for Thiamine?

  1.5 mg/day
• What is the function of Riboflavin?

  Precursor for coenzymes FMN and FAD
• What are the effects of Riboflavin deficiency?

  Atrophy of filliform papillae
• What are the sources of Riboflavin?

  Milk, liver, green vegetables
• What is the RDA for Riboflavin?

  1.7 mg/day