Topic C - Responses to crime

• Policing - Baroness Casey's Review, what is it?

  a review into the Met Police after concerns were raised with Sarah Everard's case. this accused the police of not protecting the public. Many had also claimed the MET police were institutionally racist, homophobic and sexist (systemic problems, did not keep the public safe)
• Baroness Casey's Review - Policing Example (1)

  Sarah Everard was stopped by former police officer Wayne Couzens in 2021, south London for "breaking Covid lockdown." Couzens killed and sexually assaulted her. Couzens had pervious offences going back 20 years. (the police did not keep the public safe in this incident)
• Baroness Casey's Review - Policing (2)

  Sheku Bayoh was killed in 2015 by being restrained on the ground in Kirkcaldy by police after they accused him of carrying a knife. Bayoh was not found with a knife on him when he was detained. (police is racist/ discriminatory and do not keepm the public safe) FAILED DETTERANCE.
• Baroness Casey's Review - Policing (3)

  81% of those who are black are more likely to be in the justice system in the UK (over-representation and discrimination)
• Stop and Search (1)

  547,000 stop and searches were carried out in the UK and only 74,000 led to an arrest (2023.) stop and search can be carried out without reasonable ground under section 60 in the UK.
• Stop and Search (2)

  in 2019 a study found stop and search had no effect to London boroughs police recorded crime.
• Stop and Search (3)

  Priti Patel supported the use of Stop and Search, saying it took 50,000 deadly weapons off the street in 2019.
• Stop and Search (4)

  Both Spain and France have been taken to court over racial profiling during stop and searches. France took accountability but the police officer in Spain openly admitted the stop and search was carried out because of the suspects race.(discrimination, France>>Spain) FAILED DETERRENCE
• Community Policing (1)


  Aberdeen Police stated they would not be responding to minor crimes due to lack of staff. (creates lack of bonds with public)
• Community Policing (2)


  police number hit a record low as crime rates rise by 14% UK
• Community Policing (3)

  fireworks and fires were set of dangerously in Niddre Edinburgh on Halloween (2023) However no arrests were made due to under staffing.
• Community Policing (4)

  Increased number of police officers in schools went from 55 to 87 (2010-2020) UK
• community Policing (5)

  in the US 2/3 schools have a police officer on duty, the majority of these schools a predominantly black.
• Community Policing (6)

  in Florida a 6 year old girl was arrested and put in handcuffs at her school in 2019. this pupil was of black ethnicity.
• Multi-Agency/ Early Intervention (1)

  In 2001, Portugal decriminalised the use of all drugs after taking a health approach, only 74 deaths were reported in 2021 compared to scotland with 1330. SUCCESSFUL DETERRENCE
• Multi-Agency/ Early Intervention (2)

  2021, Scotland will not imprison anyone with class A drugs for personal use. However, the Scottish govt can not take a heath approach as the leading party (conservatives) do not favour this saying it it the cause of most social harms. FAILED DETERRENCE
• Multi-Agency/ Early Intervention (3)

  the Pilot scheme introduced drug consumption rooms in Scotland to help with unsafe drug usage. this has not been effective as there has been 1330 drug deaths in Scotland (2021) which is the highest in Europe. FAILED REHABILITATION
• Early Intervention (1)

  No Knifes, Better lives aim to reduce knife carrying in the UK. they reached 12,000 people on their tour in 2018. SUCCESSFUL DETERRENCE
• Early Intervention (2)

  NHS data saw a reduction in hospital admissions for assault with a knife from 1415 to 553. SUCCESSFUL DETERRENCE
• Early Intervention (3)

  The Violence Reduction Unit (VRU) is funded by the Scottish government. Glasgow is no longer the murder capital of Europe seeing people who carry a knife go down by 69% SUCCESSFUL DETERRENCE
• Multi-Agency (1)

  In the US opioid courts were set up after the opioid crisis, it is funded by the US criminal justice system, However 300 deaths have been attributed to this scheme in 2016. FAILED REHABILITATION
• Non-custodial ROTL (what is it?)

  Released On Temporary Licence aims to help reintegrate offenders back into society after being in prison. Offenders are risk assessed before given ROTL.
• Non-Custodial ROTL(2)

  The London bridge attack in 2019, offender was ROTL, he killed two people. this prompted for former prime minister Boris Johnson to end ROTL for terror suspects.
• Non-Custodial - Drug testing (1)

  sobriety tags for offenders in wales saw 95% of participants stay sober for the days tested in 2021
• Non -Custodial Drug testing (2)

  Drug Testing Treatment Orders (DTTOS) they aim to rehabilitate offenders outside of prison, 63% reoffend with DTTOS, this may be due to offenders going back into the same environment that encouraged the addiction.
• Non -Custodial Drug testing (3)

  In the US opioid courts were set up after the opioid crisis, it is funded by the US criminal justice system, However 300 deaths have been attributed to this scheme in 2016. FAILED REHABILITATION
• Non -Custodial Community Payback Orders (1)

  68% of offenders complete CPO's and 37% reoffend
• Non -Custodial Community Payback Orders (2)


  CPO costs the government £2,800 a year compared to the price of keeping offenders in prison at £30,000-£40,000 a year
• Prison Sentences (1)

  Increased prison sentences in Scotland have been given for anyone caught carrying a knife. the maximum sentence increased from 4 to 5 years in 2016. However only 1 person was sentenced to a full term in 2018
• Prison Sentences (2)

  70% of Scottish prisoners test positive for illegal drugs, 30% test positive after release from prison. this shows Addiction Prevalence Testing (APT) works. Barlinnie offers APT without guards present.
• Prison Sentences (3)

  2023, prisoners caught with drugs in Scottish prisons has increased by 1100% since 2014. this shows how wildly accessible drugs are in prison.
• Prison - Rehabilitation (1)

  Paws for Progress, introduced in 2011 at HM YOI Polmont. This scheme aims to rehabilitate offenders by providing animal therapy and building on skills like dog training,, this can further support offenders to get jobs when released.
• Prisons - Rehabilitation (2)

  The Clink is a charity that operated within Uk prisons( initially just in women's prisons)it teaches catering and hospitality skills, some have even achieved Michelin stars once released. the restaurant is open to the public and offenders have the chance to give back to the public. this programme only have a 12% reoffend rate
• Prison - International Comparison (1)

  the USA has the most prisoners with 25% of the worlds prison population. (over-incarceration)
• Prison - International Comparison (2)

  Finland have open prisons that aim to reintegrate offenders back into society by giving them many freedoms. Finland only have a 3,000 prisoner population and only 1 in 3 reoffend. offenders have day jobs and other responsibilities like shopping, cleaning, cooking.
• Prison - International Comparison (3)

  Denmark uses a 37 hour work week for offenders, their prison population had decreased by 20% in the last year.
• Prison - International Comparison (4)

  Haiti are at a 454% capacity for prisoners, offenders families had to bring food and supplies as the prison ran out.
• Prison - Whole life orders (1)

  70% of the British public believe that sentences are not harsh enough.
• Prison - Whole Life Orders (2)

  60% of the US favour the use of the death penalty.
• Prison - Whole Life Orders (3)

  Sarah Everard was stopped by former police officer Wayne Couzens in 2021, south London for "breaking Covid lockdown." Couzens killed and sexually assaulted her. Couzens was given a whole life order, however this has not stopped violence against women. UK Govt "violence against women is a national threat"