Exx

• Individualistic


  • Emphasis is put on developing separate identity with own set of likes and dislikes
  • Independence, autonomy, and self-reliance are valued
• Collectivistic


  • Emphasis is put on the group or the family identity
  • Interdependence, conformity to group norms, and compliance with authorities are valued
• Self concept


  • Foundation of our sense of identity
  • Organized and integrated sense of who we are
• Self concept


  • Affected by culture in two primary ways: content (what do I think of myself?) and structure (why do I use these categories to describe myself?)
• Independent self


  • Uniqueness is important
  • Autonomous and in control of own behavior
  • Independent of others
  • Stable, internal attributes are central to sense of self
• Interdependent self


  • Uniqueness not emphasized
  • Connectedness to others emphasized
  • Group memberships, social roles, and relationships to others are important
  • Internal attributes important but not central to sense of self
• Independent view of self


  • Clear boundaries between self and others
  • Important distinction is between self and non-self
  • Important aspects of self lie within the individual
  • Sense of self is very stable, does not change across situations
  • Ingroup emphasized but distinction is fluid
• Interdependent view of self


  • No clear boundaries between self and significant others
  • Identity is connected with others
  • Key aspects of self lie at intersection between individual and his/her significant relationships
  • Internal aspects of identity are not as important
  • Identity is relatively fluid in different situations
  • Identity experienced as group membership
  • Important distinction is between ingroup and outgroup
• Incremental self theory


  • Abilities and traits are malleable and can be changed
  • Attributes are acquired over time
  • Improvement is possible
  • Effort is emphasized
• Entity self theory


  • Ability and traits are fixed and cannot be changed
  • Attributes are inborn
  • Change is unlikely
• Incremental self theory


  More likely in collectivist cultures which emphasize interdependent selves
• Entity self theory


  More likely in individualist cultures which emphasize independent selves
• Culture and the Big Five

  • Similarities: An assumption of the lexical hypothesis is that if something represents an important difference between individuals, then humans around the world should have developed a word for it in their language
  • Differences: Mean level differences - average scores vary significantly across cultures
  • The FFM may not capture all of the important ways people differ across cultures
• Chinese personality traits


  • Dependability (overlaps Neuroticism)
  • Interpersonal Relatedness (no FFM overlap)
  • Social Potency (overlaps Extraversion)
  • Individualism (overlaps Agreeableness)
• Filipino personality traits

  • Big Five plus Negative Valence and Temperamentalness