biodiversity

• How an ecological survey can measure the biodiversity of the terrestrial habitat

  1. Use random sampling

  2. Repeat and find mean/multiply estimates up for whole area

  3. (Frame) quadrats to measure, plants/vegetation / stationary organisms

  4. Detail of using quadrat

  5. Mark-release-recapture for (named) animals

  6. Detail of, trapping/marking, (named) animals

  7. Calculate/use, Simpson's index (of diversity)

  8. Species richness and, (relative) abundance/species evenness

  9. AVP
• Reasons to maintain biodiversity

  • (Named) food
  • (Named) medicines
  • Wood/fibres/paper/rubber
  • Genetic diversity for future use
  • Science/technology/research
  • Education
  • Aesthetic/wellbeing
  • (Eco)tourism/attract visitors
  • Ethical/moral/ stewardship
  • Local cultural significance
  • Maintain/protect/stability of, food chains/food webs
  • Pollination / ecosystem services
  • Protect against, soil erosion/coastal erosion/flooding
  • Soil formation
  • (Named) mineral, cycles/recycling OR ref. to stage in cycle of named element
  • Climate stability
• Assumptions for mark release recapture method

  • Marking, not harmful (described)/cannot be removed (described)
  • Constant population size
  • No, births/deaths (described)
  • No, immigration/ emigration/migration
  • (Sufficient time for) marked individuals to mix with rest of population
• Reasons for Species getting endangered

  • Loss of habitat/example
  • Climate change
  • Predation
  • Competition for, food/resources/breeding sites / example
  • New disease
  • Pollution / example
  • Numbers get so low that population can't recover/AW
• Features of Kingdom Animalia

  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryote / eukaryotic /(cells) contain a nucleus
  • Specialised cells/tissues/organs
  • Heterotrophic (nutrition)/described
  • Nervous system
  • Cilia/flagella
  • Mobile / motile
• Role of Zoos in Conservation

  • Captive breeding/description
  • Assisted reproduction / example
  • Reintroduce into the wild
  • Medical care
  • Education/public awareness
  • Research
  • Projects in the field
  • Ref. to maintaining genetic databases, to avoid inbreeding or working with other zoos
• Differences and Similarities between Archae and Bacteria

  • Both are prokaryotes or both have no, nucleus / (double) membrane-bound organelles
  • Both have circular DNA
  • Both have 70S ribosomes
  • Both reproduce by, binary fission/budding/fragmentation
  • Bacteria cell wall made of peptidoglycan whereas Archaea cell wall does not have peptidoglycan
  • Bacteria cell membrane has ester-linked lipids whereas Archaea cell membrane has ether-linked lipids
  • Have different ribosomal RNA
  • Bacteria do not have (DNA associated with) histones whereas Archaea do have (DNA associated with) histones
  • Bacteria form spores whereas Archaea do not form spores
• Method to estimate population size of mobile animal

  1. Mark-release-recapture

  2. Capture (sample of) rats and count them

  3. Ref. to humane traps

  4. Mark so as to not adversely affect rats or describe method of marking such as, tagging / using dyes

  5. Return to where they were caught/AW

  6. Allow time to mix (with population)/AW

  7. Capture second sample

  8. Count number caught and number marked

  9. Population size estimate (M₁) = number in first sample (N₁) × number in second sample (N2) / number in second sample that are marked (M2)

  10. AVP; e.g. repeat
• Ways by which CITES attempt to regulate the trade in wild fuana and flora

  • Trade ban (if species is in danger of extinction)
  • If species is not (yet) at risk of extinction permit required
  • Ref. to border controls / checks; A fines/ punishment if caught
  • (Provide countries with) lists of species that are, rare/endangered
  • Encourages governments, to join CITES/to abide by CITES regulations
  • AVP; e.g. every few years they have a conference with their members
• Role of IUCN


  • Global/international/worldwide (authority/advisory)
  • (To give advice to) conserve/protect, nature/biodiversity/habitats
  • Assess/categorise, species conservation status
  • Ref. Red List (of Threatened Species)
  • Influence, governments/policy
  • Educate/raise awareness
  • AVP
• How non governmental org contribute to conservation

  • Name 2; e.g. WWF/Greenpeace/Nature Conservancy/Wildlife Conservation Society/Oceana / Sea Shepherd/Conservation International/CITES/IUCN/IFAW/WAZA/World Seed Bank/ IPBES
  • Raise, funds/donations
  • Influence, governments/businesses
  • Ban/reduce, hunting / polluting/oil drilling/mining / deforestation
  • Research/reports
  • Conserve, species/populations / habitats / biodiversity OR prevent extinction
  • Education / publicity campaigns / raise awareness
  • Hold protests OR take direct action to prevent, development / exploitation
  • Promote coexistence of wildlife and people
  • Regulate/legislate for, trade in wild species
  • Estimate/monitor/categorise, threatened / endangered, species
  • Detail of CITES trade categories
• Conditions for Hardy Weinberg principle to apply

  • Population is large
  • No migration (into or out of the population)
  • Random mating occurs
  • Undergoes sexual reproduction/ora
  • Organism is diploid
  • No selection
  • No mutation
• Biodiversity


  • Variation (with)in, ecosystems / habitats
  • Number/variety, of (different) species
  • Relative abundance of each species
  • Genetic variation within each species