Week 1-2

• Plants, animals, and other organism have the ability to reproduce.
• Reproduction is a biological process in which different organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind.
• only those that have the genes necessary for survival can proliferate and pass them on to the next generation.
• In plants and animals, reproduction may either be sexual or asexual.
• Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes or sex cells. This type of reproduction can be observed in some plants and in lower forms of animals.
• Sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes (i.e., the sperm and the egg cell) inside or outside the body of an organism.
• Sexuel Reproduction - In this process, the sperm and the egg fuse to create a fertilized egg known as the zygote, which will eventually become the embryo.
• Budding - an organism is reproduced by forming an outgrowth, or a “bud”, from a part of the parent organism’s body. Example is Hydra.
• Fragmentation - an organism is produced from the detached body part of its parent. Example is some species of sea stars.
• Binary Fission - a parent organism (e.g., a unicellular organism) splits into two “daughter” organisms. This type of asexual reproduction is usually done by prokaryotic organisms (e.g., bacteria) and some invertebrates. Example is Cyanobacteria.
• Vegetative Reproduction - a plant part is used to reproduce another plant. Example is strawberry and kamote, etc.
• Spore Formation - this involves the production of spores, which are specialized asexual reproductive cells. Example is ferns.
• Plants and animals both use color display for reproduction.
• Plants use their physical characteristics to attract pollinators.
• When the bee sips nectar from another flower, the pollen grains that previously got attached to it are then transferred; thus, reproduction happens.
• Some animals also use color display to attract a

  mate.
• Sexual Selection - some male species compete with other males to copulate with females.
• Another difference between plants and animals is their method of fertilization.
• Sexual reproduction in most animals requires physical interaction with each other in close proximity. In comparison, plants need a vector, such as an insect or a bird.
• Thus, animals and plants have different ways of reproduction, but their main goal is the same: to extend their species.
• At the unicellular stages of their development, plant cells are positionally fixed, which means that they are not capable of movement, whereas animal cells are motile or capable of movement.
• Most plants undergo alternation of generations,
• During meiosis, plants produce spores first before forming the gametes, whereas in animals, the gametes are directly formed.
• Another developmental difference between plants and animals is shown in their morphogenesis, or change in shape.
• Plants develop by going through a longer period of morphogenesis than animals.
• Plants grow by increasing their cell size, whereas animals grow by increasing the number of their cells.
• Energy is necessary because it allows organisms to move, respire, and digest, to name a few body processes.
• Nutrition is the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health, survival, and growth of an organism.
• Autotrophic - Can manufacture their own nutrients by synthesizing inorganic materials. Depending on the energy source, autotrophs are of two types.
• Photoautotrophic - Directly use the energy from the sun and other inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water to form organic food.
• Chemoautotrophic - Use chemicals to create simpler organic substances important for their survival. Such organisms are called chemoautotrophs.
• Common inorganic substances synthesized by the chemoautotrophs include hydrogen sulphide, sulfur, and ammonia.
• Heterotrophic - are called heterotrophs, cannot make their own food, and thus obtain their energy by digesting organic matter.
• Saprophytic or saprotrophic- In this type of nutrition, organisms obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter.
• Parasitic- In this type of nutrition, an organism takes food from another organism.
• Ectoparasitism- This type of parasitism happens when the parasite is outside the body of the host.
• Endoparasitism- This type of parasitism involves parasites that live inside the body of the host.
• Holozoic- In this mode of nutrition, organisms ingest solid or liquid food.
• Herbivorous- Organisms that take in only plants as source of their energy are classified as herbivores.
• Carnivorous- Organisms that eat other animals are called carnivores.