Paper 2

• If blood glucose drops too low then...

  Glycogen is converted back into glucose
• Type 1 Diabetes

  Unknown, immune system kills cells that make insulin
• Type 2 Diabetes

  Lifestyle disease, diet, risk factors, family history
• Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes

  • Obesity
  • High carb/sugar intake
  • Lack of exercise
• Blood glucose monitoring

  1. Prick test

  2. Injections
• Puberty

  The body changing to be able to reproduce
• Puberty

  • Controlled by sex hormones
  • testosterone
  • Oestrogen
• Primary sexual characteristics

  • What you are born with - male and female sex organs
• Secondary sexual characteristics

  • Developed during puberty
• Puberty in females

  1. Height changes

  2. Mood changes

  3. Acne

  4. Hips widen

  5. Menstrual cycle begins

  6. Body hair

  7. Breasts develop
• Puberty in males

  1. Facial hair/body hair

  2. Deep voice (voice drops)

  3. Height changes

  4. Mood changes

  5. Acne

  6. Shoulders broaden and muscles develop

  7. Sperm production begins
• How does inulin travel around the body?

  in the bloodstream
• Insulin is produced in the pancreas.
• DIABETES

  • Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas.
  • If the blood glucose is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone, insulin, which causes glucose to move from the blood into cells in the liver and muscle cells.
  • Excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage
• What are the symptoms for Type 1 & 2 diabetes?

  thirst, frequent urination and blurry vision
• What is a part of your gene?


  allel
• What causes evaluation?

  Natural selection (change in the environment)
• which is a faster reaction - nervous or hormonal?

  Nervous
• Which hormone stimulates the release of an egg?

  LH (keeps the linning thick)
• What information does a pyramid of numbers tell you?

  Number of organisms at each topic level.
• Show the flow diagram showing the pathway of a reflex action (Hint: Silly Roger Saw Ruby Making Excellent Rum)?:

  Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory neuron -> Relay neuron -> Motor neuron -> Effector.
• What does the pancreas do?

  controls blood sugar level
• What is "Homeostasis" ?


  The process of maintaining a stable internal environment
• The cells in our body need a good supply of...

  Glucose and Water
• How do you regulate your body?

  It uses an automatic control system
• What is the name called when sugar levels are stored?

  Glycogen
• What do we need to maintain for homeostasis?

  Temperature, Water levels, Blood glucose and PH
• Regulation of water levels in the body

  
  

  
  

  High water level:

  • The pituitary gland won't produce anti-diuretic hormones
  • which means kidneys will secrete excess water

  Low water level:

  • The pituitary gland won't produce anti-diuretic hormones
  • causing the kidney tubules to become more permeable back into the blood during reabsorption
• What are growth hormones called?

  Auxins, which either speeds up and slow down growth
• Organs in homeostasis

  • Glands - hormones
  • Brain - central centre
  • Pancrease - insulin
  • The central Nervous system - sending signals
  • Muscles - movement
• What are the 4 different types of hormones the menstrual cycle is controlled by?

  Oestrogen , FSH, Progesterone and LH
• Oestrogen

  • Produced in ovaries
  • Causes uterus lining to grow
  • Simulates LH and inhibits realer of FSH
• FSH

  • Produced in the pituitary gland
  • Causes egg to mature in one ovary, in a structure called a follicle
  • Simulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
• Progesterone

  • Produced in the ovaries by remains of follicles after ovulation
  • Maintains uterus lining (day 14 - 28)
  • Inhibits release of LH and FSH
• LH

  • Produced by pituitary gland
  • Stimulates the release of an egg on day 14 (ovulation)
• What does "Ecology" mean?

  Studying the organisms (living things) in different habitats and how they interact
• What are the 3 things that go along with Ecology?

  • Habitat - the place where an organism lives
  • Community - different types of living things in a habitat
  • Population - the number of 1 type of living thing
• What does "Adaptation" mean?


  A feature or characteristic behavior that helps an organism survive in a particular habitat
• Name 2 adaptations that animals that hunt might have. (2m)

  • Long ears - hearing their prey from a long distance
  • Sharp teeth - rip the meat apart
• what does "Competition" mean in Ecology?

  Animals and plants compete for limited resources such as water, food, sunlight, etc...