10.5 and 10.6

• An optical prism is defined as a refractive transparent material with precise angles and plane faces.
• The formation of rainbows by dispersion is explained by the same physics responsible for the multi-color splitting of light when it passes through a prism.This is called the prismatic effect
• Dispersion refers to the scattering of white visible light into a full spectrum of wavelengths as shown by the prismatic effect in the diagram.
• Colors are, in fact, different wavelengths of visible light travelling at different speeds across different media
• The refractive index and the wavelength are inversely proportional
• The refractive index and the wavelength are inversely proportional. Thus, n decreases as the wavelength lengthens and the opposite holds true. This explains why violet, which has the shortest wavelength, bends more in a prism as other colors do.
• Colors with shorter wavelengths (blue and violet) deviate more from their initial path than do those with longer wavelengths (red, orange, and yellow), as shown
• The formation of rainbows by dispersion is explained by the same physics responsible for the multi-color splitting of light when it passes through a prism. This is called dispersion, or the prismatic effect.
• Dispersion refers to the scattering of white visible light into a full spectrum of wavelengths
• The refractive index and the wavelength are inversely proportional. Thus, n decreases as the wavelength increases and the opposite holds true
• The angle of deviation refers to the angle formed between (1) the light’s incident ray entering the face of the prism adjacent to the light source (we will call this the first face) and (2) the refracted ray that comes out of the prism’s second face
• Minimum deviation occurs when the light’s path within the prism is parallel to the base
• ●When a light wave vibrates in more than one plane (half in the horizontal and half in the vertical) such that it is found in more than one direction, it is considered to be unpolarized or natural. Examples are light from the sun, candle flames, and lamps
• ●The process of manipulating light so that oscillations can occur in a single plane is called polarization.
• Polarizing filters are materials that can  block one of the two planes of the oscillation of an EM wave, thus filtering the other half of the vibrations transmitted when light passes through the filter.
• An ideal polarizing filter permits 100% of the light emitted and parallely polarized to the filter’s axis, and blocks all of the light polarized perpendicular to it, as shown
• ●In an ideal polarizing filter, only the component parallel to the axis is transmitted, resulting in only half of the incident intensity.
• In an ideal polarizing filter, the intensity of the light emitted is exactly half of the incident unpolarized light, regardless of the orientation of the filter.
• ●In some cases, the linearly polarized light transmitted through a polarizer has to pass through an analyzer.
• ●The orientations of the polarizer and the analyzer to produce a given intensity of light are best demonstrated through the “Picket-Fence Analogy,” as shown.
• Malus’s Law: ●The transmitted intensity of light relative to the angle θ is proportional to the square of the wave’s amplitude.
• ●Light is a transverse wave, i.e., it is oscillating perpendicular to the direction of its propagation. Transverse waves are all capable of being polarized.
• ●When a light wave vibrates in more than one plane such that it is found in more than one direction, it is considered to be unpolarized or natural.
• The process of manipulating light so that oscillations can occur in a single plane is called polarization
• A polarizing filter is required to produce polarized light from unpolarized light. As an unpolarized light becomes polarized, it comes out with less than its original intensity and vibrations
• ●In an ideal polarizing filter, the intensity of the light emitted is exactly half of the incident unpolarized light, regardless of the orientation of the filter. 
• Malus’s law states that the intensity of polarized light transmitted through an analyzer (a second, rotatable polarizer) changes as the square of the angle’s cosine through which the polarizer is oriented from the position yielding a maximum intensity.