digestive system

• digestive system - breaks down food into simple

  nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
• mouth - Starts digestion, aids

  in speech and

  breathing.
• liver - Regulates most

  chemical levels in the

  blood
• gallbladder - stores bile produced in the liver and releases it into the small intestine
• small intestine - secretes enzynes and abosrb nutrients
• anus - the opening of the digestive system that allows feces to leave the body
• esophagus - muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
• stomach - store and break food
• pancreas - produces insulin and glucagon
• large intestine - absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food
• rectum - collects and holds feces
• Hard palate - bony front part

  of the roof of the mouth,

  separating the

  oral and nasal

  cavities.
• soft palate - a mobile, nonbony

  part at

  the back,

  important in

  swallowing and

  speech.
• Cleft Palate - a birth defect

  characterized by

  an opening or split

  in the roof of the

  mouth (palate) due

  to incomplete

  fusion during

  embryological

  development
• Hare Lip - a condition

  where there is

  an opening or

  split in the

  upper lip that

  may extend

  into the nose
• anterior pillar - Formed by the palatoglossus muscle, they help in swallowing.
• posterior pillar - Formed by the palatopharyngeus muscle, they prevent aspiration of food.
• Uvula - entering the nose, aids in speech, and keeps the mouth hydrated.
• Soft palate - anterior tonsil pillar (palatoglossus) - posterior tonsil pillar (palatopaharyngeus) - retromolar trigone - tonsillar fossa -uvula
• tounge - The tongue functions primarily in

  speech articulation, tasting, chewing,

  swallowing, cleaning the mouth, and

  detecting tactile sensations.
• tounge taste buds - Taste buds help in the

  perception of flavors

  and play a key role in

  the sense of taste.
• bitter - sour - salty - sweet
• human teeth - The primary function of teeth is to

  break down food into smaller pieces

  through the process of chewing,

  which aids in digestion.

  Human teeth
• There are the four main types of

  teeth found in the human mouth:

  Incisors, Canines, Premolars,

  Molar.
• salivary glands - It produce saliva, which serves

  several functions, including

  lubricating food for easier

  swallowing, initiating digestion

  through digestion.
• The salivary glands consist of three

  main parts:

  *Parotid glands

  *Submandibular glands

  *Sublingual glands
• Pharynx - functions primarily as a

  passage for food and liquids to move

  from the mouth to the esophagus

  during swallowing.
• Esophagus- Transport food and liquids from the mouth

  to the stomach through a series of

  coordinated muscle contractions called

  peristalsis.
• CARDIA (or cardiac region) - is the point where

  the esophagus connects to the stomach and

  through which food passes into the stomach.
• FUNDUS - dome-shaped, Located inferior to

  the diaphragm, above and to the left of the

  cardia
• BODY - main part of stomach
• PYLORUS - funnel- shaped, connects the

  stomach to the duodenum
• Location of the stomach in the

  abdomen :

  upper abdomen on the left side of your

  body
• Gastric rugae and their Functions :

  increase surface area for better

  digestion
• Four area of the stomach :

  cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus
• small intetine: duodenum -jejunum- ileum
• Duodenum - begins at the pyloric

  sphincter
• Jejunum - runs from the duodenum to

  the ileum
• Ileum - longest part of the small

  intestine, thicker, more vascular, and

  has more developed mucosal folds

  than the jejunum
• Structures that serve to increase

  surface area

  • Circular folds, villi, and microvilli