Nationalism in Southeast Asia

• Timor-Leste

  Also known as East Timor, one of the countries who gained their independence during the 20th century
• Timor-Leste's history

  1. Portuguese invasion in 1520

  2. Spanish invasion in 1522

  3. Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975

  4. Referendum in East Timor on August 30, 1999

  5. Independence achieved in 2002
• Filipino nationalism

  Embodied by young men and women of the revolutionary era
• Three hundred years of Spanish rule made the Filipinos crave for independence due to unjust and inhuman treatment of the Spanish government
• Emilio Aguinaldo

  First president of the Philippines, waved the flag of the Philippines which marked the first intention of sovereignty by the Filipinos
• The country was annexed under the United States, and promised to grant full independence to the country as soon as the Filipinos are ready
• The country fell under Japanese occupation during World War II in 1945, and US forces and Filipinos fought together to regain control
• The Republic of the Philippines attained its independence

  4 July, 1946
• The country celebrates Independence Day on 12th of June to commemorate the beginning of Aguinaldo's revolutionary government
• Indonesia's history

  1. Portugal began establishing alliance with local Indonesian leaders and strengthening military conquest to rule the land in 1600s

  2. Dutch began colonizing the islands in the early 1700s

  3. Dutch Ethical Policy was mandated

  4. Establishment of the organization "Sarekat Islam"

  5. Indonesian independence announced on 17 August 1945 after almost 350 years of Dutch rule
• Sarekat Islam

  Organization whose goal was to establish a cooperative against big Chinese traders, one of the many nationalistic movements in Indonesia
• Brunei


  Was a British protectorate in 1888 until a British resident was granted the power of administration in 1906
• Brunei's history

  1. Petroleum production started in 1929

  2. Taken over by Imperial Japanese power during World War II

  3. British negotiations started for the independence of Brunei

  4. Given the chance to self-govern themselves in 1959

  5. Gained independence on January 1, 1984, and an Islamic sultanate was established
• Cambodia's history

  1. Placed under protectorate status of French colony in 1864

  2. Became part of the French Indochina union

  3. Cambodian nationalism sparked with the leadership of King Norodom Sihanouk

  4. Declared Cambodian independence on November 9, 1953 after French forces retreated from the land, officially ending eight decades of colonial control