DISS

• History from greek word "historia" (inquiry)
• Historiography the study of the way of writing history the theory of how history is written and method to do so
• Social History - explores social structures, classes, gender roles, ethnicity, religion, family life, crime, health, education, leisure activities, and other aspects of everyday life.
• Political History - deals with political events, institutions, policies, leaders, and their impact on society.
• Diplomatic History - focuses on international relations between states or nations, including treaties, alliances, wars, diplomacy, and foreign policy.
• Economic History - focuses on economic systems such as agriculture, industry, trade, commerce, banking, finance, labor relations, wages, prices, taxes, and government policies that affect these areas.
• Intellectual History - investigates intellectual movements, philosophers, scientists, mathematicians, writers, artists, musicians, inventors, and thinkers who have contributed to human knowledge and understanding.
• types of history

  political

  diplomatic

  social

  economic

  cultural

  intellectual
• geologic time scale has 4 major divisions
• Geological Time Scale is divided into four major periods: Precambrian, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era
• Herodotus known as father of history
• those also do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it by George Santayana
• Historian is one that studies and writes about the past
• phonology the study of speech sound and their patterns
• morphology the study of word and word formation
• syntax the study of sentence structure
• pragmatics the study of language use
• semantics the study of meaning
• Ferdinand de Saussure founder of modern linguistics and semiology
• Noah Chomsky he was the father of modern linguistics
• Linguistics is the study of languages
• The term politics is derived from the greek word polis meaning the city
• Politics therefore meant to an ancient greek, the science of the city state or pertaining to the state and the government
• Aristotle the father of politics
• Man is a political animal by aristotle
• Power is a persons ability to influence another persons behavior
• They proposed five base of power

  coercive, legitimate, expert, reward and referent
• David Easton define it as the "authoritative allocation of values"
• Harold Laswell defined it as "who gets what, when and how"
• State is an independent political entity with clear geographic boundaries
• Nation is a large population that shares the same culture, language, traditions, history
• Political bases of the State:

  government and sovereignty
• Physical bases of the State:

  population and territory
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980) identified 4 stages of cognitive development:
• Sensorimotor from birth to 2 years old, an individual know the world mainly through the five senses.
• Preoperational 2 to 7 years old, individuals use language, symbols and pictures to represent something.
• Concrete Operational 7 to 11 years old: individuals begin to form causal connections and think logically about concrete things
• Formal Operational 12 years and above, individuals think more abstractly and critically, reason about hypothetical problems.
• Psychology comes from a Greek word Psyche which means mind, consciousness, awareness.
• Structuralism

  In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first "psychological" laboratory in Germany. He is widely viewed as the founder of psychology.

  He attempted to uncover the structure of consciousness by breaking down mental processes into their most basic components.

  This was done through a process called introspection.

  Wundt's approach became known as structuralism.