Antipsychotics

• When was Risperidone introduced?

  1990s
• What is the typical daily dose of Risperidone?

  4-8mg
• How does Risperidone compare to clozapine in terms of dopamine receptor binding?

  Binds more strongly
• What are the different forms in which Risperidone can be taken?

  Tablet, injections, syrup
• What was the aim of producing Risperidone?

  To be as effective as clozapine without fatal side effects
• How does Risperidone's side effects compare to other antipsychotics?


  Fewer side effects
• What is the maximum daily dose of Risperidone?


  12mg
• What type of antipsychotic is Risperidone?


  atypical
• When was Clozapine developed?

  1960s
• Why was Clozapine withdrawn in the 1970s?


  Due to the death of some patients from agranulocytosis
• In the 1980s, what was Clozapine found to be effective against?


  Schizophrenia
• How is Clozapine marketed for use against schizophrenia?


  As a treatment for schizophrenia where other treatments/ antipsychotics have failed
• Why are patients taking Clozapine required to have regular blood tests?


  To ensure they haven't developed agranulocytosis
• Why can't Clozapine be taken as an injection?


  Due to its potentially fatal side effects if injected directly into the bloodstream
• Besides dopamine receptors, what other receptors does Clozapine bind to?


  Serotonin or glutamine receptors
• How does Clozapine help patients?

  Improves mood, depression, and reduces negative thoughts of suicide
• What percentage of people with schizophrenia attempt suicide at some point?

  30% - 50%
• What type of antipsychotic is clozapine?


  atypical
• In what forms can Chlorpromazine be taken?

  Tablet, syrup, or injection
• What is the daily maximum dosage of Chlorpromazine?


  1000mg
• What is the recommended initial dosage range for Chlorpromazine?


  Start with smaller doses and gradually increase to 400-600mg
• According to Liu and de Haan (2009), what trend has been observed in the use of Chlorpromazine over the last 50 years?


  Decline in usage
• Typical antipsychotics

  First generation antipsychotics

  Used since 1950s
• What do dopamine antagonists do?

  Antagonists - chemicals which reduce the action of a neurotransmitter
• How do dopamine antagonists work in the brain?

  They block dopamine receptors in the synapses, reducing the action of dopamine
• What happens to dopamine levels when patients start taking chlorpromazine?

  Dopamine levels build up initially and then production is reduced
• What is the impact of using dopamine antagonists on neurotransmission in the brain?


  It normalizes neurotransmission in key areas, reducing symptoms like hallucinations
• What are the sedation effects of chlorpromazine?

  Act as an effective sedative
• How does chlorpromazine calm people with schizophrenia?


  Believed to be related to its effect on histamine receptors
• What was the controversial use of chlorpromazine in the 1950s related to schizophrenia?


  Used to make schizophrenic patients tamer and controlled due to stigma
• When were atypical antipsychotics first used?

  Since the 1970s
• What was the motivation behind developing atypical antipsychotics?


  Desire to maintain and improve upon drug use in suppressing psychosis symptoms and minimizing side effects
• How do atypical antipsychotics work?

  They work in different ways, not entirely understood