REVIEW BIOCHEm

• The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.
• Triglycerides are esters in which three molecules of one or more different fatty acids are linked to the alcohol glycerol; they are named according to the fatty acid components.
• Saponification - The process of hydrolysis of fat by aqueous alkali to yield glycerol and the salt of fatty acid (soap) is called saponification or alkaline hydrolysis of esters.
• Halogenation- Unsaturated fatty acids have the ability to bind halogens like Cl2, Br2 and I2 to their double bonds.
• phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids.
• Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic covalent bond
• Not a Function of Glycolipids: Blood Circulation
• the universal acceptor, and people with blood type O can act as donors to all blood types (the universal donor).
• A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
• Steroid hormones - A type of hormone classified by secretion of adrenal cortex
• Louis Pasteur reported that fermentation was a process initiated by living organisms.
• The International Union of Biochemistry (I.U.B.) initiated standards of enzyme nomenclature which recommend that enzyme names indicate both the substrate acted upon and the type of reaction catalyzed.
• Transferases - Catalyze the transfer or exchange of certain groups among some substrates.
• Translocases - Catalyze the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes.
• Coenzyme - The dissociable, low-relative-molecular-mass active group of an enzyme which transferschemical groups, hydrogen, or electrons.
• Isoenzyme each of two or more enzymes with identical function but different structure. One of a group of related enzymes catalyzing the same reaction but having different molecular structures and characterized by varying physical, biochemical, and immunological properties.
• Factors that does NOT influence enzyme activity: Protein synthesis
• Liquids with pH 7 are neutral and equal the acidity of pure water at 25 C°
• Allosteric Enzyme - This type of enzymes presents two binding sites: the substrate of the enzyme and the effectors.
• Papain which is proteolytic in action, therefore hydrolyses peptide bonds thus for tenderizing meat and beef.
• Glutamate is used at the great majority of fast excitatory synapses in the brain and spinal cord.
• GABA is used at the great majority of fast inhibitory synapses in virtually every part of the brain.
• Epinephrine which is also synthesized from tyrosine is released in the adrenal glands and the brainstem. It plays a role in sleep, with one's ability to become and stay alert, and the fight-or-flight response.
• hormone is any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported to distant organs to regulate physiology and / or behavior.
• The amino acid-derived hormones are relatively small molecules that are derived from the amino acids: tyrosine and tryptophan,
• The peptide hormones include molecules that are short polypeptide chains, such as antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced in the brain and released into the blood in the posterior pituitary gland.
• Chemical communication is a universal feature of life that occurs at all levels of biological organization, including regulation of cells and organs within the body, as well as social behavior and ecological interactions among individuals.
• Endocrine acts on the target cells after being released into the bloodstream.
• G-protein-linked receptors have seven transmembrane domains, but each receptor has its own specific extracellular domain and G-protein-binding site.
• Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors with intracellular domains that are associated with an enzyme.
• role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA - connect base pairs
• deoxyribonucleic acid, is the central information storage system of most animals and plants, and even some viruses.
• G2 Phase -  the second gap phase, when cytoplasmic materials needed for division are gathered with metabolic changes.
• DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. 
• A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. 
• Termination is the ending step of transcription process.
• The genetic code is a set of rules defining how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
• Protein synthesis is process in which polypeptide chains are formed from coded combinations of single amino acids inside the cell.
• Germ line mutations occur in the eggs and sperm and can be passed on to offspring
• Missense Mutation This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.