ENGLISH 10

• Argumentative essay


  Kind of writing that aims to make the reader agree with the writer's opinion about the controversial or debatable issue
• Argumentative


  Having or showing a tendency to disagree or argue
• Essay


  Short piece of writing on a subject
• Parts of Argumentative Essay

  • Introduction (Issue, History or Background of the issue, & Thesis statement)
  • Body (Evidences, at least 3 paragraphs must contain one reason and supporting details (examples, experiences, or quotations), have counterclaim (opposing side) & rebuttal (defend your side))
  • Conclusion (General statement that supports your claim or thesis statement, quotation from reliable person, & call to action)
• Informative essay


  Explains a certain issue / topic, provides information and explanations in a straightforward manner. The writer is like a reporter at a newspaper, only there to state facts not to offer any sort of opinions.
• Writing technique


  A style an author uses to convey a message in a manner that is effective and meaningful to the audience
• Writing techniques


  • Description (explain a topic in detail)
  • Comparison and Contrast (describes similarities or differences between two subjects)
  • Problem and Solution (present a problem and propose possible solutions)
  • Cause and Effect (explain and analyze why something happened or how something occurred)
  • Sequence (describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order)
• Critical approaches to literature

  Different perspectives we can consider in analyzing or interpreting a text

  
• Different approaches to literary criticism

  • Structuralist or Formalist approach (be alert to form)
  • Historical or Biographical approach (the approach sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a reflection of its author's life and times or the life and times of the characters in the work)
  • Moralist approach (the basic position of critics is that the larger function of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues)
  • Feminist approach (focuses on the female representation in literature, paying attention to female points of view, concerns, and value)
  • Reader-Response approach (argues that the meaning of the text is dependent upon the reader's response to it)
  • Marxist approach (about economics, sociology and politics)

  
• Argumentative writing techniques


  • Proposal argument (better solution proposed by the writer, presents proposal as solution to problem, outlines the details of the proposal, & provides good reasons to support the proposal)
  • Causal argument (real cause from the writer's POV, focuses specifically on how something has caused, or has led to, some particular problem)
  • Definition argument (clarify a meaning of a controversial term / concept)
  • Narrative argument (telling a story, usually in chronological order)
• Persuasive essay


  To present ideas in order to influence / convince the audience to perform a certain action
• Persuasive writing


  • Starting point (Identify your topic and choose your side)
  • Purpose (Get the reader to agree with your opinion)
  • Techniques (Combines facts with emotions to convince the readers that the author is "right", Emotion-based, Ignores counterclaims, Presents only ideas that establish a position, Only presents one side: the author's side)
  • Tone (is emotionally charged and more aggressive)
  • Touch of humor
• Aristotle's modes for persuasion (rhetorical appeals)

  • Pathos (appeal to emotion)
  • Logos (appeal to reason)
  • Ethos (appeal to authority)
• Critique


  To study, discuss, evaluate, & interpret literary works, could be a critical essay, an article evaluating a literary piece, or a review

  
• Parts of a critique (critical analysis)

  • Introduction (State the title of the work and the author's name, Objective - Outline the main idea and identify the author's thesis, Subjective - State your thesis statement and main idea about the work (your own conclusion))
  • Summary (Summarize the text in own words (chronological order))
  • Analysis (State what you like and do not like about the text, Interpret and evaluate a text based on: How the text is organized, The style and rhetoric, How effective the message is, Whether or not the author give justice to the message, How the text appealed to the target audience)
  • Conclusion (Restate your thesis in your new words, Summarize your main ideas, if possible, with new and stronger words, Include a call to action)

  
• Avoid introducing your ideas by stating "I think" or "in my opinion."
• Keep the focus on the subject of your analysis, not on yourself.
• Research


  • Provides solutions to problems
  • Careful & detailed study of a problem
  • Communicates discussion & present corresponding findings
  • Make use of persuasive language
• Campaigns


  • Advertisements revolve in a subject
  • Planned set of activities people carry out to attain a goal or objective
  • To excite, persuade, motivate, and/ or to convince them
  • Strong & emphasized persuasive language
• Advocacy


  • Action for-a-cause
  • Activities that argue, plead, support, or favor a cause
  • To influence decision-making
  • Strong points (supports or contradict)
• Persuasion


  The act or process of convincing someone or causing them to believe something
• Persuasive writing (language features/devices)

  • Emotive language
  • Modal verbs
  • Involving the reader
  • Rhetorical questions
  • Using evidence
  • Repetition
  • Adjectives & adverbs
  • Association
• Emotive language


  Use of words that evoke emotions & make people feel a certain way
• Modal verbs


  Words that express modality (how likely something is going to happen) helps adjust level of certainty of events to suit arguments
• Involving the reader


  Use of words of personal pronouns (you, your, we, our, together)
• Rhetorical questions


  Questions that aren't supposed to be answered, yet asked for effect or to illustrate a point
• Using evidence


  Use of facts, figures, or quotes from experts to highlight the writer's authority
• Repetition


  Repeating the keywords, phrases or ideas to appeal to the readers
• Types of adverbs


  • Adverbs of manner
  • Adverbs of frequency
  • Adverbs of place
  • Adverbs of degree
  • Adverbs of time
• Association

  To link an object or idea with something already liked or desired by the target audience
• Bandwagon


  Makes the audience believe the idea that "everyone is doing it" or "everyone likes something"
• Experts


  Advice from trusted people (doctors, scientists, professionals)
• Information

  Facts provided or learned about something or someone. Data used by people to make sense of the world.
• Argumentation

  The act or process of forming reasons & drawing conclusions applying them in discussion
• Purposes of information

  • To inform
  • To entertain
  • To influence
  • To educate
  • For self-fulfillment
  • For personal goal
• Key structural elements of argumentative texts

  • Statement of position (exposition/introduction)
  • Argument (body)
  • Restatement of position (conclusion)
• Ways to search for information

  • Books
  • Journal articles
  • Newspapers
  • Reports
  • Photographs
  • Databases
  • Maps
  • Social media
• Argumentative text (language features)

  • Modals
  • Adverbs
  • Evaluating language (adjectives)
  • Transitional devices
  • Declarative statement
  • Rhetorical questions
  • Passive voice
• Types of information use

  • Instrumental
  • Cognitive
  • Affective
  • Political/Economical
  • Social
  • Contextual
• Exposition

  Informational writing that presents or provides information/facts on a topic/issue in a way that's educational & purposeful