Applies to Latin America, Europe, Africa, and Oceania. Predominantly (although not all) low-income and occasionally economically or culturally disadvantaged areas beyond Europe and North America.
The term "Global South" indicates a change from a dominant emphasis on the growth of cultural identity to a focus on its international force ties (Dadous & Connell, 2012).
North and the South
Modern-day representations of inequality among countries specifically among Western and non-Western states.
Nation-states' primary motivation in pursuing regionalization is the individual and collective achievement of development and progress because these are perceived as uneven phenomena.
BrandtReport (2021)
An analysis prepared by the Independent Commission on International Development Issues chaired by Willy Brandt in 1980. It was about a line that divided the "developed" Global North and the "developing or underdeveloped" Global South.
The Global North
Europe
Israel
Taiwan
South Korea
Japan
Canada
United States of America
New Zealand
Australia
The Brandt Report
Explains that the countries categorized under the North are more developed because they can interact frequently and successfully
The North
They benefit from sophisticated trading and economic exchange levels, improving their population's quality of life
They account for a fourth of the world's combined wealth
They enjoy high life expectancy and education levels
They control over 90% of manufacturing worldwide
They can spend much of their budget on research and development
The Global South
Africa
Latin America
Asia (including China)
Russia
Middle East
Caribbean
Pacific
The South
They comprise approximately 130 countries, all underdeveloped or poor
They comprise three-fourths of the world's population and hold only a fifth of the world's wealth
Their citizens' life expectancy is lower than that of the North because many suffer from hunger or malnutrition
They need more basic amenities
Half of the South's population has little to no chance of getting an education
They only account for 4% of research and development and 10% of the world's manufacturing industry because technological penetration is almost nonexistent in these countries
Their economies also rely heavily on imports from the North as well as for loans, debts, and other obligations
Third World
Term coined in 1952 by the French historian Alfred Sauvy, compared to the "Third Estate"
Third World
Gave a clear image to the developing countries regarding political alignment and economic status
Although ruled by European colonies, Third World citizens lived far from global economic, political, and military power
Until recently, most Third World citizens were colonized, most illiterate, and few would have been aware that they constituted a sizable fraction of the world's population even then
Third World leaders (educated partly in Europe or America)
Raised their awareness and exposure to a Western culture, which raised expectations and hopes
This awareness and exposure to a Western culture inspired many Third World leaders to improve colonial living conditions and win political independence
Increased mobility and travel and the two World Wars fueled opposition to the First World's dominance (colonization)
Many of the troops that fought in these conflicts, notably on the Allies' side, came from what would later be known as the Third World
Many Europeans also served in Asia, and their exposure to conditions in the colonies may have helped erode the colonial powers' resolve to keep their empires unbroken
Global South
More than a metaphor for underdevelopment
World country categories
First World
Second World
Third World
Fourth World
First World
Industrialized countries with political and economic stability and high levels of human health
Second World
Communist-socialist states, also industrialized
Third World
Countries that are neither involved with the First or Second Worlds, generally defined as less-developed countries
Third World countries
Africa
Asia
Latin America
Fourth World
Coined in the 1970s
The terms have since grown to refer to development levels, but they still need to be updated. They are no longer used to distinguish between developed and developing countries.
Global South
A significant portion of Latin America can be classified as part of this
Latin American countries
Have been characterized by a relationship of dependency on Northern states
Have been subjected to colonial rule and adopted their colonizers' languages, cultures, religions, and economic and political systems
Remained economically dependent on their former colonizers after attaining political independence
Regionalization in Latin America
1. Latin American countries worked to regionalize as early as the 1960s
2. They even tried to integrate their economies
3. They aimed to create the Latin American Free Trade Association in the South and a Central American Common Market
4. All of these efforts failed in the 1970s because of the member countries' disharmonious political relationships
MERCOSUR
The Common Market of the South that took off in the 1990s
MERCOSUR founding states
Uruguay
Paraguay
Argentina
Brazil
MERCOSUR achievements
1. Progressively eliminated tariff barriers
2. Established a standard external tariff
3. Enhanced trade and investment among their economies
4. Achieved relative success when employment increased among its member countries
Latin American experience in regionalism
Primarily a post-colonial era characterized by poverty, neglect, and underdevelopment
Latin American experience in regionalism
Led to the development of world views which sought to explain the causes of these experiences
Eventually shaped and influenced the leaders of the Latin American countries to create a regional grouping that would serve as a venue for cooperation and mutual development
Peter Schott's empirical comparison
Compared Latin America's and Asia's export structures to the United States
Latin American manufacturing exports receive a higher price than Asian exports in product markets where the two regions compete directly
Possible explanation for greater productive efficiency of Asian countries
Raises doubts about Latin American countries' ability to continue competing with Asian products in the U.S. markets without technological improvements
Bernardo Blum's argument
Geography, such as resources, location, and climate, is the primary determinant of countries' wealth and income distribution
Income per capita is positively correlated with export structure
Sebastian Claro's assumption
A part of Latin American countries' poor economic performance could be attributed to the region's fear of Globalization