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• Eleven systems of the human body

  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Urinary System
  • Genital (Reproductive) System
• Integumentary System

  • Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands and oil glands
  • Protects body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat/provides insulation
• Skeletal System


  • Bones, joints, cartilage
  • Supports/protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals
• Muscular System


  • Skeletal, Cardiac & Smooth muscle
  • Participates in body movements, maintains posture, produces heat
• Nervous System


  • Brain, Spinal cord, nerves & special sense organs
  • Generates nerve impulses, detects changes in internal/external environments, interprets changes and responds
• Endocrine System


  • Hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)
  • Regulates body activities by releasing hormones
• Cardiovascular System


  • Blood, heart and blood vessels
  • Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and help regulate physiology
• Lymphatic System


  • Lymph fluid & vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils
  • Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood
• Respiratory System


  • Lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, larynx, pharynx
  • Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance
• Digestive System


  • Organs of GI tract- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon); salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
  • Physical and chemical breakdown of food/nutrients
• Urinary System


  • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
  • Produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance
• Genital (Reproductive) System


  • Gonads (Testes-males, Ovaries-females) & associated organs (females- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris and mammary glands; males- epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate & penis)
  • Gonads produce gametes (M- sperm, F-oocytes) that unite to form organism; also release hormones that regulate reproduction
• Homeostasis

  The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment
• Intracellular fluid

  Fluid inside of the cell
• Extracellular fluid

  Fluid outside of the cell
• Types of extracellular fluid

  • CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid): Central nervous system ECF
  • Synovial Fluid: Joint ECF
  • Blood Plasma: Blood ECF
• Prone

  Body lying face DOWN
• Supine

  Body lying face UP
• Ribosome

  Site of protein synthesis
• Mitochondrion

  • Powerhouse
  • Site of aerobic cellular respiration-produce most of cells ATP
• Apoptosis

  The genetically programmed death of a cell
• Biopsy

  • Removal of sample of living tissue to examine under microscope
  • May detect abnormal cells,etc (Cancer)
• Serous Membranes

  • Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum
  • Parietal Layer: attached to cavity wall
  • Visceral Layer: covers and adheres to organ
• Synovial Membranes

  • Where would you find these? JOINTS
  • Synovial Fluid: The fluid (ECF) present to lubricate these areas
• Layers of the skin

  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
• Layers of thin skin and thick skin

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin)
  • Stratum corneum
• Melanin


  Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale
• Hemoglobin

  Red pigment in red blood cells
• Carotene


  Yellow/orange pigment stored in stratum corneum and adipose tissue
• Albinism


  Inherited inability to produce melanin; results in complete or partial absence of pigment in skin, hair & eyes
• Vitiligo


  A chronic disorder characterized by partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin producing irregular white spots- it is an autoimmune disease
• Sebaceous glands (oil glands)


  • Connected to hair follicles
  • Lips, glans penis, labia minora; absent in palms, soles, etc (hairless areas)
• Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)


  • Eccrine: most numerous, very prevalent in skin of forehead, palms and soles
  • Apocrine: located mainly in hairy skin areas
  • Both types secrete perspiration
• Ceruminous glands


  • Modified sweat glands in ear canal
  • External acoustic meatus (ear hole)
  • Secrete cerumen (earwax)
• Synthesis of Vitamin D

  1. UV rays activate the precursor molecule that allows vitamin D to be made

  2. Vitamin D aids in absorption of calcium from foods in GI tract
• Early warning signs of malignant melanoma (ABCDE)

  • Asymmetry
  • Border is irregular
  • Color is uneven
  • Diameter is >6mm
  • Evolving & changing in size/shape
• Mineral homeostasis


  Stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
• Bone extracellular matrix

  • About 15% water, 30% collagen & 55% crystalized mineral salts
  • Mineral salts calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide to form crystals called Hydroxyapatite
• Bone cells

  • Osteoprogenitor cells (bone stem cells- able to differentiate into other types of cells)
  • Osteoblasts (bone building cells that secrete matrix; initiate calcification)
  • Osteocytes (Mature bone cells)
  • Osteoclasts (Remodel bones & cause them to release calcium; bone resorption)
• Types of ossification


  • Intramembranous
  • Endochondral