Final (based on guide)

• Genetics: The study of heredity and variation in organisms.
• Cell theory: All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life.
• Descent with modification: The idea that all living things are related and that they have evolved from earlier forms.
• Natural selection: The process by which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than others
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance: chromosomes are the basis of heredity (Sutton and boveri)
• Chromosome: A threadlike structure of DNA that carries genetic information.
• Mitosis: A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Meiosis: A type of cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell
• Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.
• Recombinant DNA technology: The process of combining DNA from different organisms to create a new organism.
• Genomics: The study of the entire genome of an organism, including the entire set of genes in an organism.
• Proteomics: the study of proteomes and their functions.
• Bioinformatics: the science of collecting and analysing complex biological data such as genetic codes.
• Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce different traits in an organism. If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation (a process known as natural selection).
• The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein
• Nucleotide: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
• Nucleoside: A nucleotide containing a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base
• Purine: adenine and guanine
• Pyrimidine: cytosine and thymine
• Criteria of genetic material: It must be stable. It must be able to be replicated with fidelity. It must be able to be expressed when required.
• DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information while RNA directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins. 
• DNA and RNA base pairing is slightly different since DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil differs from thymine in that it lacks a methyl group on its ring.
• DNA has the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA has the sugar ribose
• DNA is double-stranded, RNA, on the other hand, is single stranded.
• DNA replication: The process by which a DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules
• DNA polymerases are responsible for synthesizing DNA: they add nucleotides one by one to the growing DNA chain, incorporating only those that are complementary to the template.
• DNA Polymerase facts:

  • They always need a template
  • They can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand
  • They can't start making a DNA chain from scratch, but require a pre-existing chain or short stretch of nucleotides called a primer
  • They proofread, or check their work, removing the vast majority of "wrong" nucleotides that are accidentally added to the chain
• Helicase's job is to move the replication forks forward by "unwinding" the DNA (breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs).
• single-strand binding proteins coat the separated strands of DNA near the replication fork, keeping them from coming back together into a double helix.
• Primase makes an RNA primer, or short stretch of nucleic acid complementary to the template, that provides a 3' end for DNA polymerase to work on.
• A DNA double helix is always anti-parallel; in other words, one strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other runs in the 3' to 5' direction. 
• continuously synthesized strand is called the leading strand.
• The leading strand can be extended from one primer alone, whereas the lagging strand needs a new primer for each of the short Okazaki fragments.
• sliding clamp, which holds DNA polymerase III molecules in place as they synthesize DNA.
• The sliding clamp is a ring-shaped protein and keeps the DNA polymerase of the lagging strand from floating off when it re-starts at a new Okazaki fragment .
• Topoisomerase also plays an important maintenance role during DNA replication. This enzyme prevents the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork from getting too tightly wound as the DNA is opened up.
• The RNA primers are removed and replaced by DNA through the activity of DNA polymerase I, 
• The nicks that remain after the primers are replaced get sealed by the enzyme  DNA ligase.
• • DNA polymerase III extends the primers, adding on to the 3' end, to make the bulk of the new DNA.
• DNA pol 4: creates a checkpoint, stops replication, and allows time to repair DNA lesions via the appropriate repair pathway