Sociology Final Practice SOC105

• Colonialism


  The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period
• Neo-colonialism


  Continuing dependence of former colonies on more industrialized foreign countries, including those that are former colonial masters
• World systems analysis


  A view of the global economic system as one divided among certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited
• Immanuel Wallerstein views the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. Through his world systems analysis, Wallerstein describes the unequal economic and political relationships in which certain industrialized nations dominate the core of the system. He suggests that poor developing countries are on the periphery of the world economic system, highlighting the exploitative relationship of core nations toward non-core nations.
• Dependency theory


  An approach which contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain
• Modernization


  The process by which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies
• Modernization theory


  A functionalist approach proposing that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations
• Multinational corporation


  A commercial organization headquartered in one country but conducting business throughout the world
• Views on multinational corporations

  • Functionalist View: Multinational corporations can help developing nations by bringing jobs and industry to areas where subsistence agriculture once prevailed
  • Conflict View: Multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits
• Gross national product (GNP)


  The value of a nation's goods and services
• Racial group


  A group set apart and treated differently from others because of perceived physical attributes
• Ethnic group


  A group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
• Minority group


  A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group
• Visible minority


  Canadians who are non-white or are identified as physically different from white Canadians of European descent
• Racialization


  The social processes by which people come to define a group as a "race," based on physical characteristics and historical, cultural, and economic factors
• Stereotypes


  Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group
• Prejudice


  A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or an ethnic minority
• Racism


  The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
• Discrimination


  The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons
• Glass ceiling


  An invisible barrier blocking the promotion of qualified individuals in a work environment due to their gender, race, or ethnicity
• Institutional discrimination


  The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups resulting from the normal operations of society
• Racial or ethnic profiling


  The use of race as a consideration in suspect profiling in law enforcement and national security practices
• Employment equity


  Positive efforts to eliminate barriers faced in employment
• Exploitation theory


  A Marxist theory viewing racial subordination as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
• Contact hypothesis


  An interactionist perspective stating that interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances reduces prejudice
• Genocide


  The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
• Assimilation


  The process by which a person forsakes their own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture
• Segregation


  The act of physically separating two groups, often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group
• Apartheid


  The former policy of the South African government designed to maintain the separation of blacks and other non-whites from the dominant whites
• Self-segregation


  When members of a minority deliberately develop separate residential, economic, or social network structures from those of the majority population
• Sex


  Biological category distinguishing between female and male
• Gender


  Culturally and socially constructed identity as a man or a woman
• Homophobia


  Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality
• Instrumentality


  Emphasis on tasks, focus on distant goals, and concern for external relationships in the family and other social institutions
• Expressiveness


  Concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family
• Matrix of domination


  The cumulative impact of oppression based on race, ethnicity, gender, social class, religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status
• Sexism


  The ideology that one sex is superior to the other
• Double jeopardy


  Discrimination women experience due to the compounded effects of gender and race or ethnicity
• Multiple jeopardies


  Compounded effects of gender, race or ethnicity, class, age, or physical disability
• Mass media


  Print and electronic means of communication reaching widespread audiences