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Cards (212)
Allele
Alternative
form of a
gene
Autosome
Chromosome
that does not contain a
sex determining
gene
Centromere
Constricted area on the chromosome where the
spindle
attaches
Chromatin
DNA wrapped around
proteins
that is NOT condensed;
uncondensed
Chromosome
A structure, consisting of
DNA
wrapped around
histone
proteins that carries genes
Diploid
Having
two
sets of chromosomes in the cell, or a species that contains
two
copies of each chromosome
Expressed
If a gene is copied and made into an
mRNA
and
protein
Gene
A
DNA
sequence with a known
function
(encoding a protein or regulator)
Genome
The complete set of genetic instructions (
DNA
) characteristic of an organism =
3.2
billion base pairs
Genotype
The actual
gene
makeup of an individual for a
trait
, i.e. AA or Aa or aa
Haploid
Having only
one
set of the
genome
in the cell
Homologous chromosomes (
homologs
)
Have the same
appearance
and carry the same
genes
(one from mom and one, dad)
Locus
The spot on a
chromosome
where a
gene resides
mRNA
A complimentary copy of a section of DNA (template strand), carries a
codon
used to make a
protein
Multifactorial
A trait determined by one or more
genes
and the
environment
Mutation
A change in the
base sequence
of a gene
Phenotype
The
physical
appearance or observable characteristic for a
trait
, i.e. freckles
Polymorphism
A variation in the DNA sequence that is present in at least
1
percent of the population
Sister chromatids
Two identical chromatids joined at the
centromere
SNP
(
Single Nucleotide polymorphism
)
A single base site that
varies
among individuals in a population, often related to
diseases
Telomeres
Segments of
DNA
at the ends of
chromosomes
Somatic
cell
A body cell; is
diploid
; contains
2
sets of chromosomes
Reproductive cells
Gametes
= sperm and
egg
; haploid- have only one set of chromosomes or only one chromosome of each homologous pairs
Prokaryotic cells
DNA is in nucleoid region, DNA is single,
circular chromosome
; cell wall surrounds
plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cells
Had a
nucleus
, organelles,
compartmentalization
The Human Genome Project has identified approximately
22,000
genes that encode for
proteins
Mitosis
Cell division with
normal somatic cells
and in development of embryo; one division;
2 daughter 2n cells
Meiosis
Cell division-produce reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
reductional
; two divisions,
4
daughter cells (n)
Tetrad
4
chromatids linked together in prophase – metaphase of
Meiosis I
Stages of cell
division
Interphase
(G1, G2, S)
Mitosis
(Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase
)
Cytokinesis
AABB
Homozygous
dominant for
two
traits
Homozygous
Condition when both alleles for a gene are the
same
Heterozygous
Condition when the alleles for a gene are
different
Dominant
An allele that is fully
expressed
if present
Recessive
An allele that is only expressed if there are
no
other
alleles
present
Sex-linked
Genes carried on the
X
and
Y
chromosomes
Incomplete dominance
Heterozygote
produces a phenotype intermediate to
homozygotes
; 1:2:1 Phenotypic
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the
heterozygote
, so there is a
1
:2:1 phenotypic ratio
Epistasis
One gene masks the effects of another gene (
Labrador retriever
) usually produces
9
:3;4 ratio
Pleiotropy
One gene has several
phenotypic
effects
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