SS1D

• Global migration


  The movement of a person or a group of people from one place to another with the purpose of relocating their residence, either temporarily or permanently
• History of global migration

  • Migration has been a fundamental aspect of human history, dating back to ancient times
  • Early migrations were driven by factors such as the search for food, conquest, trade, and exploration
  • The scale and nature of migration have evolved significantly over time, particularly with the advent of colonialism, industrialization, and globalization
  • The transatlantic slave trade, European colonization, and labor migrations during the Industrial Revolution are notable historical events that have shaped global migration patterns
• Types of migration


  • International migration (from one place to another within the country)
  • Internal migration (movement towards other country or state)
  • External migration
• Immigrants


  Those people who move permanently to another country
• Migrants


  People who stay in another country for a fixed period
• Illegal migrants


  People who live illegally in another country
• Forced migrants


  Whose families have "petitioned" them to move to the destination country
• Refugees


  Someone who has been forced to flee his/her country because of persecution, war or violence
• Internal migration


  • About 69 percent of internal migration was for economic reasons, 14 per cent for family reasons and the rest for other reasons
  • In rural areas, workers shared jobs due to the pressure of underemployment and low income, which encouraged the flow of migration from rural areas to urban areas and even abroad
  • Most migrants were between age 20 and 34
• Basic concepts in migration


  • Push-pull factors
  • Migration networks
  • Remittances
  • Brain drain
  • Brain gain
  • Migration systems theory
  • Push-pull theory
  • Neo-classical theory
  • Labor migration theory
• Cross-border migration has persisted throughout history
• The United Nations reported in 2015 that there are now 244 million international migrants, a 41 percent increase in a span of 15 years
• The number of international migrants are larger than the combined present population of the Philippines and Japan, and will almost equal the population of the largest Muslim country in the world -Indonesia
• Trends in migration between 2000 and 2015


  • Female migrants comprise slightly less than half (48%) of the total migrants and they outnumber men in Europe and Northern America
  • Nearly two-thirds of all international migrants worldwide live in Europe or Asia
  • Asia and Oceania has the fastest average annual growth rate in the migrant stock with 2.8%
  • Latin America and the Caribbean had 2.3%, followed by Africa with 2.2%
  • Most of the international migrants settle in high-income countries and majority of them (67%) originate from middle-income countries
  • Only 10% from low-income countries manage to live in high-income countries
  • Newly half (43%) of all international migrants worldwide were born in Asia
  • Between 2000 and 2015, the size of the migrant stock from Asia grew faster (2.8%) than Europe (1.2%), which ranked second in the migrant growth
• Pattern of global migration

  The recurring trends, characteristics, and movements of people across international borders on a worldwide scale
• Reasons for migration


  • Labor migration
  • Family reunification
  • Educational attainment
• Special types of migrants

  • Irregular migrants
  • Regular migrants
  • Seasonal migrants
• Irregular migrants


  Also known as undocumented or illegal migrants
• Regular migrants


  Individuals who migrate legally and in accordance with the immigration laws and regulations of the destination country
• Seasonal migrants


  Individuals who move temporarily to another region or country to work in seasonal industries such as agriculture, tourism, or construction
• Migrant in human trafficking

  • Human trafficking is the illegal trade of humans for the purpose of forced labor, sexual exploitation, or other forms of exploitation, deception, or abuse of vulnerability
  • It is a grave violation of human rights and a global criminal enterprise that exploits millions of people worldwide
  • Trafficking victims are seen as a source of profit for traffickers
  • Traffickers target individuals who are vulnerable
  • The end-goal of exploitation can be a form of prostitution, forced labor, sex exploitation or pornography
• Diaspora


  People, and often their descendants, from a specific country who are living abroad
• Transnationalism


  The interconnectedness and activities that occur across national boundaries
• Refugees


  Individuals who have fled their home countries and are unable or unwilling to return due to a well-founded fear of persecution based on factors such as race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group
• Asylum seekers


  Individuals who have left their home countries and are seeking international protection in another country
• Consequences of migration (benefits)


  • Individual benefits
  • Familial benefits
  • Economic benefits to countries of origin
  • Reduction of unemployment and underemployment
  • Reduction of poverty
  • Contribution to GDP of host country
  • Stabilization of declining population
  • Supply of working population in host country
  • Lowering dependency ratio
• Consequences of migration (drawbacks)

  • Social adjustments
  • Population size, composition, and social structure of both the place of origin and destination are affected
  • Brain drain
  • Difficulty accommodating the influx
  • Social, cultural and economic imbalances
  • Mental illness
  • Difficulty in coping